{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T17:36:59Z","timestamp":1786037819856,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,16]],"date-time":"2021-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621123200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NSW Defence Innovation Network and NSW State Government","award":["DINPP2019 S1-06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DINPP2019 S1-06"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recently, there has been an increase in the production of devices to monitor mental health and stress as means for expediting detection, and subsequent management of these conditions. The objective of this review is to identify and critically appraise the most recent smart devices and wearable technologies used to identify depression, anxiety, and stress, and the physiological process(es) linked to their detection. The MEDLINE, CINAHL, Cochrane Central, and PsycINFO databases were used to identify studies which utilised smart devices and wearable technologies to detect or monitor anxiety, depression, or stress. The included articles that assessed stress and anxiety unanimously used heart rate variability (HRV) parameters for detection of anxiety and stress, with the latter better detected by HRV and electroencephalogram (EGG) together. Electrodermal activity was used in recent studies, with high accuracy for stress detection; however, with questionable reliability. Depression was found to be largely detected using specific EEG signatures; however, devices detecting depression using EEG are not currently available on the market. This systematic review highlights that average heart rate used by many commercially available smart devices is not as accurate in the detection of stress and anxiety compared with heart rate variability, electrodermal activity, and possibly respiratory rate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21103461","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,17]],"date-time":"2021-05-17T02:31:34Z","timestamp":1621218694000},"page":"3461","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":291,"title":["Smart Devices and Wearable Technologies to Detect and Monitor Mental Health Conditions and Stress: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Blake Anthony","family":"Hickey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Research Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taryn","family":"Chalmers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Research Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phillip","family":"Newton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing and Midwifery, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2747, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8371-8197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chin-Teng","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian AI Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Sibbritt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig S.","family":"McLachlan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Healthy Futures, Torrens University, Sydney, NSW 2009, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roderick","family":"Clifton-Bligh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kolling Institute for Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2064, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Morley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2747, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Lal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Research Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Can, Y.S., Chalabianloo, N., Ekiz, D., and Ersoy, C. 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