{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T18:22:34Z","timestamp":1777486954421,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]],"date-time":"2021-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Vanier Canada - NSERC","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sensorless and sensor-based upper limb exoskeletons that enhance or support daily motor function are limited for children. This review presents the different needs in pediatrics and the latest trends when developing an upper limb exoskeleton and discusses future prospects to improve accessibility. First, the principal diagnoses in pediatrics and their respective challenge are presented. A total of 14 upper limb exoskeletons aimed for pediatric use were identified in the literature. The exoskeletons were then classified as sensorless or sensor-based, and categorized with respect to the application domain, the motorization solution, the targeted population(s), and the supported movement(s). The relative absence of upper limb exoskeleton in pediatrics is mainly due to the additional complexity required in order to adapt to children\u2019s growth and answer their specific needs and usage. This review highlights that research should focus on sensor-based exoskeletons, which would benefit the majority of children by allowing easier adjustment to the children\u2019s needs. Sensor-based exoskeletons are often the best solution for children to improve their participation in activities of daily living and limit cognitive, social, and motor impairments during their development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21103561","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]],"date-time":"2021-05-20T11:45:57Z","timestamp":1621511157000},"page":"3561","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Current Trends and Challenges in Pediatric Access to Sensorless and Sensor-Based Upper Limb Exoskeletons"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Guillaume","family":"Gaudet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, QC H3T 1J4, Canada"},{"name":"Marie-Enfant Rehabilitation Center, Research Center of Ste-Justine University Hospital Center, Montreal, QC H1T 1C9, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maxime","family":"Raison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, QC H3T 1J4, Canada"},{"name":"Marie-Enfant Rehabilitation Center, Research Center of Ste-Justine University Hospital Center, Montreal, QC H1T 1C9, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7730-0701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofiane","family":"Achiche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, QC H3T 1J4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)07815-7","article-title":"The Muscular Dystrophies","volume":"359","author":"Emery","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2120","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60921-6","article-title":"Spinal Muscular Atrophy","volume":"371","author":"Lunn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280500158422","article-title":"The Epidemiology of Cerebral Palsy: Incidence, Impairments and Risk Factors","volume":"28","author":"Odding","year":"2006","journal-title":"Disabil. 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