{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T05:48:27Z","timestamp":1772430507069,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]],"date-time":"2021-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) foundation grant","award":["FDN - 148450"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FDN - 148450"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With new advances in technology, remote monitoring of heart failure (HF) patients has become increasingly prevalent and has the potential to greatly enhance the outcome of care. Many studies have focused on implementing systems for the management of HF by analyzing physiological signals for the early detection of HF decompensation. This paper reviews recent literature exploring significant physiological variables, compares their reliability in predicting HF-related events, and examines the findings according to the monitored variables used such as body weight, bio-impedance, blood pressure, heart rate, and respiration rate. The reviewed studies identified correlations between the monitored variables and the number of alarms, HF-related events, and\/or readmission rates. It was observed that the most promising results came from studies that used a combination of multiple parameters, compared to using an individual variable. The main challenges discussed include inaccurate data collection leading to contradictory outcomes from different studies, compliance with daily monitoring, and consideration of additional factors such as physical activity and diet. The findings demonstrate the need for a shared remote monitoring platform which can lead to a significant reduction of false alarms and help in collecting reliable data from the patients for clinical use especially for the prevention of cardiac events.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21113575","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,24]],"date-time":"2021-05-24T00:01:20Z","timestamp":1621814480000},"page":"3575","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Influential Factors in Remote Monitoring of Heart Failure Patients: A Review of the Literature and Direction for Future Research"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Sashini","family":"Senarath","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Kite Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute\u2014University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2A2, Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada"}]},{"given":"Geoff","family":"Fernie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Kite Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute\u2014University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2A2, Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada"}]},{"given":"Atena","family":"Roshan Fekr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Kite Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute\u2014University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2A2, Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"American Heart Association (2020, October 13). What Is Heart Failure?. Available online: https:\/\/www.heart.org\/en\/health-topics\/heart-failure\/what-is-heart-failure#:~:text=Heart%20faiure%20is%20a%20chronic,keep%20up%20with%20its%20workload."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (2020, October 13). Heart Failure, Available online: https:\/\/www.nhlbi.nih.gov\/health-topics\/heart-failure."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"University Health Care System (2020, October 13). Heart Failure: Risk Factors. Available online: https:\/\/www.universityhealth.org\/heart-failure\/risk-factors\/."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Heart & Stroke (2020, October 13). 2019 Report on Heart, Stroke and Vascular Cognitive Impairment. Available online: https:\/\/www.heartandstroke.ca\/-\/media\/pdf-files\/canada\/2019-report\/heartandstrokereport2019.ashx."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2020, October 13). Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD). Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/en\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds)."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Heart & Stroke Foundation (2020, October 13). The Burden of Heart Failure. Report on the Health of Canadians. Available online: https:\/\/www.heartandstroke.ca\/-\/media\/pdf-files\/canada\/2017-heart-month\/heartandstroke-reportonhealth-2016.ashx?la=en."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Public Health Agency of Canada (2020, October 13). Canadian Chronic Disease Surveillance System (CCDSS). Available online: https:\/\/health-infobase.canada.ca\/ccdss\/data-tool\/."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2020, October 13). Connected Papers. Available online: https:\/\/www.connectedpapers.com\/."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.09.044","article-title":"Home monitoring for heart failure management","volume":"59","author":"Bui","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Pereira, J., and Goncalves, L. (2019). Telemonitoring of Heart Failure Patients: An Integrative Program of Multiple SNS Structures, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2301","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1010029","article-title":"Telemonitoring in patients with heart failure","volume":"363","author":"Chaudhry","year":"2010","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.018473","article-title":"Telemedical Interventional Monitoring in Heart Failure Investigators. Impact of remote telemedical management on mortality and hospitalizations in ambulatory patients with chronic heart failure: The telemedical interventional monitoring in heart failure study","volume":"123","author":"Koehler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2352","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx227","article-title":"Remote management of heart failure using implantable electronic devices","volume":"38","author":"Morgan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1007\/s00380-018-1133-5","article-title":"HOMES-HF study investigators. The first multicenter, randomized, controlled trial of home telemonitoring for Japanese patients with heart failure: Home telemonitoring study for patients with heart failure (HOMES-HF)","volume":"33","author":"Kotooka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Heart Vessels"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1177\/1357633X18774632","article-title":"Long-term impact of a six-month telemedical care programme on mortality, heart failure readmissions and healthcare costs in patients with chronic heart failure","volume":"25","author":"Frederix","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Telemed. Telecare"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1709","article-title":"REM-HF Investigators. Impact of remote monitoring on clinical outcomes for patients with heart failure and atrial fibrillation: Results from the REM-HF trial","volume":"22","author":"Zakeri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13353","DOI":"10.2196\/13353","article-title":"Impact on Readmission Reduction Among Heart Failure Patients Using Digital Health Monitoring: Feasibility and Adoptability Study","volume":"7","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"JMIR Med. Inform."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2012.256","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of telemonitoring in older adults with multiple health issues to prevent hospitalizations and emergency department visits","volume":"172","author":"Takahashi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2015.7712","article-title":"Better Effectiveness After Transition\u2013Heart Failure (BEAT-HF) Research Group. Effectiveness of Remote Patient Monitoring After Discharge of Hospitalized Patients with Heart Failure: The Better Effectiveness After Transition\u2014Heart Failure (BEAT-HF) Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"176","author":"Ong","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.08.011","article-title":"Remote Monitoring of Patients with Heart Failure: A White Paper from the Heart Failure Society of America Scientific Statements Committee","volume":"24","author":"Dickinson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Card. Fail."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31880-4","article-title":"Efficacy of telemedical interventional management in patients with heart failure (TIM-HF2): A randomised, controlled, parallel-group, unmasked trial","volume":"392","author":"Koehler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"CD007228","article-title":"Structured telephone support or non-invasive telemonitoring for patients with heart failure","volume":"10","author":"Inglis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2013-303811","article-title":"Remote monitoring after recent hospital discharge in patients with heart failure: A systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"99","author":"Pandor","year":"2013","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/hta17320","article-title":"Home telemonitoring or structured telephone support programmes after recent discharge in patients with heart failure: Systematic review and economic evaluation","volume":"17","author":"Pandor","year":"2013","journal-title":"Health Technol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3874","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e3874","article-title":"Effect of telehealth on use of secondary care and mortality: Findings from the Whole System Demonstrator cluster randomised trial","volume":"344","author":"Steventon","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e34","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.1252","article-title":"Effect of home-based telemonitoring using mobile phone technology on the outcome of heart failure patients after an episode of acute decompensation: Randomized controlled trial","volume":"11","author":"Scherr","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfr144","article-title":"Effect of a telemonitoring-facilitated collaboration between general practitioner and heart failure clinic on mortality and rehospitalization rates in severe heart failure: The TEMA-HF 1 (TElemonitoring in the MAnagement of Heart Failure) study","volume":"14","author":"Dendale","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16538","DOI":"10.2196\/16538","article-title":"Outcomes of a Heart Failure Telemonitoring Program Implemented as the Standard of Care in an Outpatient Heart Function Clinic: Pretest-Posttest Pragmatic Study","volume":"22","author":"Ware","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfs023","article-title":"Weight monitoring in patients with severe heart failure (WISH). A randomized controlled trial","volume":"14","author":"Persson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2017.08.022","article-title":"2017 Comprehensive Update of the Canadian Cardiovascular Society Guidelines for the Management of Heart Failure","volume":"33","author":"Ezekowitz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Can. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehs104","article-title":"ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2012: The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure 2012 of the European Society of Cardiology. Developed in collaboration with the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC","volume":"33","author":"McMurray","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"708","article-title":"Weight Management Belief is the Leading Influential Factor of Weight Monitoring Compliance in Congestive Heart Failure Patients","volume":"32","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Cardiol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2012.04.052","article-title":"Weighing In on the facts: Best practices in daily weight monitoring for heart failure patients","volume":"41","author":"Sherer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Heart Lung"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Berman, A., Snyder, S.J., Kozier, B., Erb, G.L., Levett-Jones, T., Dwyer, T., Hales, M., Harvey, N., Moxham, L., and Park, T. (2014). Kozier & Erb\u2019s Fundamentals of Nursing Australian Edition, Pearson Higher Education."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.690768","article-title":"Patterns of weight change preceding hospitalization for heart failure","volume":"116","author":"Chaudhry","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(03)00132-3","article-title":"Decompensated heart failure: Symptoms, patterns of onset, and contributing factors","volume":"114","author":"Schiff","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1204","article-title":"Comprehensive in-hospital monitoring in acute heart failure: Applications for clinical practice and future directions for research. A statement from the Acute Heart Failure Committee of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)","volume":"20","author":"Harjola","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2016.09.012","article-title":"Body Weight Change During and After Hospitalization for Acute Heart Failure: Patient Characteristics, Markers of Congestion, and Outcomes: Findings From the ASCEND-HF Trial","volume":"5","author":"Ambrosy","year":"2017","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2018.2856916","article-title":"Changes in daily measures of blood pressure and heart rate improve weight-based detection of heart failure deterioration in patients on telemonitoring","volume":"23","author":"Joshi","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.04.149","article-title":"Telemonitoring predicts in advance heart failure admissions","volume":"216","author":"Koulaouzidis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejheart.2005.06.003","article-title":"Clinical deterioration in established heart failure: What is the value of BNP and weight gain in aiding diagnosis?","volume":"7","author":"Lewin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfs186","article-title":"Can individualized weight monitoring using the HeartPhone algorithm improve sensitivity for clinical deterioration of heart failure?","volume":"15","author":"Ledwidge","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfp033","article-title":"TEN-HMS Investigators. Predicting hospitalization due to worsening heart failure using daily weight measurement: Analysis of the Trans-European Network-Home-Care Management System (TEN-HMS) study","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3","DOI":"10.2196\/medinform.4842","article-title":"Early Indication of Decompensated Heart Failure in Patients on Home-Telemonitoring: A Comparison of Prediction Algorithms Based on Daily Weight and Noninvasive Transthoracic Bio-impedance","volume":"4","author":"Gyllensten","year":"2016","journal-title":"JMIR Med. Inform."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19640022","article-title":"Measurement of change in body-weight","volume":"18","author":"Khosla","year":"1964","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.22547","article-title":"Monitoring of daily body weight and intrathoracic impedance in heart failure patients with a high risk of volume overload decompensation","volume":"39","author":"Gudmundsson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-7133.2011.00220.x","article-title":"Intrathoracic Impedance vs Daily Weight Monitoring for Predicting Worsening Heart Failure Events: Results of the Fluid Accumulation Status Trial (FAST)","volume":"17","author":"Abraham","year":"2011","journal-title":"Congest. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2009.11.089","article-title":"Combined heart failure device diagnostics identify patients at higher risk of subsequent heart failure hospitalizations: Results from PARTNERS HF (Program to Access and Review Trending Information and Evaluate Correlation to Symptoms in Patients with Heart Failure) study","volume":"55","author":"Whellan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2266","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehr050","article-title":"Sensitivity and positive predictive value of implantable intrathoracic impedance monitoring as a predictor of heart failure hospitalizations: The SENSE-HF trial","volume":"32","author":"Conraads","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.626","article-title":"MORE-CARE Study Investigators. Effects of remote monitoring on clinical outcomes and use of healthcare resources in heart failure patients with biventricular defibrillators: Results of the MORE-CARE multicentre randomized controlled trial","volume":"19","author":"Boriani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2496","DOI":"10.19102\/icrm.2016.071003","article-title":"A Patient-centered Educational Approach to Intrathoracic Impedance Remote Monitoring Can Reduce Hospitalizations","volume":"7","author":"Rosman","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Innov. Card. Rhythm. Manag."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3154","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw099","article-title":"Fluid status telemedicine alerts for heart failure: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"37","author":"Drexler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2014.2358715","article-title":"Prediction of Heart Failure Decompensation Events by Trend Analysis of Telemonitoring Data","volume":"19","author":"Henriques","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00723-0","article-title":"Sustained efficacy of pulmonary artery pressure to guide adjustment of chronic heart failure therapy: Complete follow-up results from the CHAMPION randomised trial","volume":"30","author":"Abraham","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"118","article-title":"Experts Provide a Glimpse of the New Post-SPRINT Era of Hypertension","volume":"42","author":"Worley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharm. Ther."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.012","article-title":"Temporal trends in clinical characteristics, treatments, and outcomes for heart failure hospitalizations, 2002 to 2004: Findings from Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry (ADHERE)","volume":"153","author":"Fonarow","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-011-0369-1","article-title":"Remote monitoring of heart failure patients using implantable cardiac pacing devices and external sensors: Results of the Insight-HF study","volume":"101","author":"Lieback","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Res. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.813","article-title":"Epidemiology and one-year outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure and preserved, mid-range and reduced ejection fraction: An analysis of the ESC Heart Failure Long-Term Registry","volume":"19","author":"Chioncel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2217","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.296.18.2217","article-title":"Systolic blood pressure at admission, clinical characteristics, and outcomes in patients hospitalized with acute heart failure","volume":"296","author":"Gheorghiade","year":"2006","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3068","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000039105.49749.6F","article-title":"Lifetime risk for developing congestive heart failure: The Framingham Heart Study","volume":"106","author":"Larson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M13","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/suz217","article-title":"Heart rate and blood pressure monitoring in heart failure","volume":"21","author":"Ponikowski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61171-X","article-title":"Heart rate as a prognostic risk factor in patients with coronary artery disease and left-ventricular systolic dysfunction (BEAUTIFUL): A subgroup analysis of a randomised controlled trial","volume":"372","author":"Fox","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehn123","article-title":"Impact of resting heart rate on outcomes in hypertensive patients with coronary artery disease: Findings from the INternational VErapamil-SR\/trandolapril STudy (INVEST)","volume":"29","author":"Kolloch","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehi190","article-title":"Long-term prognostic value of resting heart rate in patients with suspected or proven coronary artery disease","volume":"26","author":"Diaz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu401","article-title":"Prognostic importance of temporal changes in resting heart rate in heart failure patients: An analysis of the CHARM program","volume":"36","author":"Vazir","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61198-1","article-title":"Heart rate as a risk factor in chronic heart failure (SHIFT): The association between heart rate and outcomes in a randomised placebo-controlled trial","volume":"376","author":"Swedberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Braunwald, E., Colucci, W., and Grossman, W. (1997). Clinical Aspects of Heart Failure: High-Output Heart Failure-Pulmonary Edema. Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, WB Saunders."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-0620(05)80018-0","article-title":"Pulmonary factors limiting exercise capacity in patients with heart failure","volume":"37","author":"Mancini","year":"1995","journal-title":"Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s10840-015-9983-6","article-title":"Ambulatory respiratory rate trends identify patients at higher risk of worsening heart failure in implantable cardioverter defibrillator and biventricular device recipients: A novel ambulatory parameter to optimize heart failure management","volume":"43","author":"Goetze","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Interv. Card. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.21873\/invivo.11330","article-title":"Acute Heart Failure in the Emergency Department: Respiratory Rate as a Risk Predictor","volume":"32","author":"Siniorakis","year":"2018","journal-title":"In Vivo"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2016.12.011","article-title":"A Multisensor Algorithm Predicts Heart Failure Events in Patients with Implanted Devices: Results from the MultiSENSE Study","volume":"5","author":"Boehmer","year":"2017","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"2137","article-title":"Rationale and Design of the Multisensor Chronic Evaluations in Ambulatory Heart Failure Patients (MultiSENSE) Study","volume":"6","author":"Boehmer","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Innov. Card. Rhythm. Manag."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1177\/1357633X15618810","article-title":"Home monitoring of heart failure patients at risk for hospital readmission using a novel under-the-mattress piezoelectric sensor: A preliminary single centre experience","volume":"23","author":"Bennett","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Telemed. Telecare"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.153","article-title":"Breathlessness at rest is not the dominant presentation of patients admitted with heart failure","volume":"16","author":"Shoaib","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Vukovi\u0107, M., Drobics, M., Hayn, D., Kastner, P., and Schreier, G. (2010, January 26\u201329). Optimization of the alarm-management of a heart failure home-monitoring system. Proceedings of the Computing in Cardiology, Belfast, UK."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e006513","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.119.006513","article-title":"Continuous Wearable Monitoring Analytics Predict Heart Failure Hospitalization: The LINK-HF Multicenter Study","volume":"13","author":"Stehlik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2012.01.009","article-title":"Design and performance of a multisensor heart failure monitoring algorithm: Results from the multisensor monitoring in congestive heart failure (MUSIC) study","volume":"18","author":"Anand","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Card. Fail."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1536\/ihj.19-313","article-title":"Nurse-Led Collaborative Management Using Telemonitoring Improves Quality of Life and Prevention of Rehospitalization in Patients with Heart Failure","volume":"60","author":"Mizukawa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13259","DOI":"10.2196\/13259","article-title":"Patient Adherence to a Mobile Phone-Based Heart Failure Telemonitoring Program: A Longitudinal Mixed-Methods Study","volume":"7","author":"Ware","year":"2019","journal-title":"JMIR mHealth uHealth"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2017.4265","article-title":"Association of the Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program Implementation with Readmission and Mortality Outcomes in Heart Failure","volume":"3","author":"Gupta","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.112.000171","article-title":"Resting heart rate and the risk of heart failure in healthy adults: The Rotterdam Study","volume":"6","author":"Nanchen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circ. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jjcc.2012.06.013","article-title":"Heart rate as a target of treatment of chronic heart failure","volume":"60","author":"Hori","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.5334\/jcr.164","article-title":"Circadian Rhythms, Exercise, and Cardiovascular Health","volume":"16","author":"Hower","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Circadian Rhythm."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjqcco\/qcy031","article-title":"Remote monitoring and clinical outcomes: Details on information flow and workflow in the IN-TIME study","volume":"5","author":"Husser","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Qual. Care Clin. Outcomes"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/11\/3575\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:05:10Z","timestamp":1760162710000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/11\/3575"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["s21113575"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21113575","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]]}}}