{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T12:27:28Z","timestamp":1784118448195,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]],"date-time":"2021-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"This paper has been financially supported within the project entitled \u201cDECIDE\u2014Development through entrepreneurial education and innovative doctoral and postdoctoral research, project code POCU\/380\/6\/13\/125031, project co-financed from the European Social","award":["POCU\/380\/6\/13\/125031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCU\/380\/6\/13\/125031"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of visible light communications technology in communication-based vehicle applications is gaining more and more interest as the research community is constantly overcoming challenge after challenge. In this context, this article addresses the issues associated with the use of Visible Light Communications (VLC) technology in Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communications, while focusing on two crucial issues. On the one hand, it aims to investigate the achievable communication distance in V2V applications while addressing the least favorable case, namely the one when a standard vehicle rear lighting system is used as a VLC emitter. On the other hand, this article investigates another highly unfavorable use case scenario, i.e., the case when two vehicles are located on adjacent lanes, rather than on the same lane. In order to evaluate the compatibility of the VLC technology with the usage in inter-vehicle communication, a VLC prototype is intensively evaluated in outdoor conditions. The experimental results show a record V2V VLC distance of 75 m, while providing a Bit Error Ratio (BER) of 10\u22127\u201310\u22126. The results also show that the VLC technology is able to provide V2V connectivity even in a situation where the vehicles are located on adjacent lanes, without a major impact on the link performances. Nevertheless, this situation generates an initial no-coverage zone, which is determined by the VLC receiver reception angle, whereas in some cases, vehicle misalignment can generate a BER increase that can go up to two orders of magnitude.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21113577","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,24]],"date-time":"2021-05-24T00:01:20Z","timestamp":1621814480000},"page":"3577","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Evaluation of Misalignment Effect in Vehicle-to-Vehicle Visible Light Communications: Experimental Demonstration of a 75 Meters Link"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Sebastian-Andrei","family":"Av\u0103t\u0103m\u0103ni\u021bei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Center for Research, Development and Innovation in Advanced Materials, Nanotechnologies, and Distributed Systems for Fabrication and Control, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Computers, Electronics and Automation, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4267-2919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u0103t\u0103lin","family":"Beguni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Center for Research, Development and Innovation in Advanced Materials, Nanotechnologies, and Distributed Systems for Fabrication and Control, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Computers, Electronics and Automation, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2200-6775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alin-Mihai","family":"C\u0103ilean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Center for Research, Development and Innovation in Advanced Materials, Nanotechnologies, and Distributed Systems for Fabrication and Control, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Computers, Electronics and Automation, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihai","family":"Dimian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Center for Research, Development and Innovation in Advanced Materials, Nanotechnologies, and Distributed Systems for Fabrication and Control, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Computers, Electronics and Automation, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentin","family":"Popa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computers, Electronics and Automation, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3204","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2019.2913348","article-title":"Visible Light Communication: Concepts, Applications and Challenges","volume":"21","author":"Matheus","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schirripa Spagnolo, G., Cozzella, L., and Leccese, F. (2020). Underwater Optical Wireless Communications: Overview. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20082261"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palacios J\u00e1tiva, P., Rom\u00e1n Ca\u00f1izares, M., Azurdia-Meza, C.A., Zabala-Blanco, D., Dehghan Firoozabadi, A., Seguel, F., Montejo-S\u00e1nchez, S., and Soto, I. (2020). Interference Mitigation for Visible Light Communications in Underground Mines Using Angle Diversity Receivers. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20020367"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, S.-Y., Kim, C.-M., and Koh, S.-J. (2020). Framework of IoT Services over Unidirectional Visible Lights Communication Networks. Electronics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics9091349"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Delgado-Rajo, F., Melian-Segura, A., Guerra, V., Perez-Jimenez, R., and Sanchez-Rodriguez, D. (2020). Hybrid RF\/VLC Network Architecture for the Internet of Things. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20020478"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almadani, Y., Plets, D., Bastiaens, S., Joseph, W., Ijaz, M., Ghassemlooy, Z., and Rajbhandari, S. (2020). Visible Light Communications for Industrial Applications\u2014Challenges and Potentials. Electronics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics9122157"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ji, R., Wang, S., Liu, Q., and Lu, W. (2018). High-Speed Visible Light Communications: Enabling Technologies and State of the Art. Appl. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/app8040589"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"James Singh, K., Huang, Y.-M., Ahmed, T., Liu, A.-C., Huang Chen, S.-W., Liou, F.-J., Wu, T., Lin, C.-C., Chow, C.-W., and Lin, G.-R. (2020). Micro-LED as a Promising Candidate for High-Speed Visible Light Communication. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10207384"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5242","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2015.2495165","article-title":"20 Gb\/s Mobile Indoor Visible Light Communication System Employing Beam Steering and Computer Generated Holograms","volume":"33","author":"Hussein","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2418","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2019.2906464","article-title":"15.73 Gb\/s Visible Light Communication With Off-the-Shelf LEDs","volume":"37","author":"Bian","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.23.001627","article-title":"Towards a 100 Gb\/s visible light wireless access network","volume":"23","author":"Tsonev","year":"2015","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.23919\/ICN.2020.0002","article-title":"Internet of radio and light: 5G building network radio and edge architecture","volume":"1","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intell. Converg. Netw."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.001.2000186","article-title":"Key Enabling Technologies for the Post-5G Era: Fully Adaptive, All-Spectra Coordinated Radio Access Network with Function Decoupling","volume":"58","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alsharif, M.H., Kelechi, A.H., Albreem, M.A., Chaudhry, S.A., Zia, M.S., and Kim, S. (2020). Sixth Generation (6G) Wireless Networks: Vision, Research Activities, Challenges and Potential Solutions. Symmetry, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/sym12040676"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prince, G.B., and Little, T.D.C. (2018). Two-Phase Framework for Indoor Positioning Systems Using Visible Light. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18061917"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1963","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2018.2806558","article-title":"A Survey of Positioning Systems Using Visible LED Lights","volume":"20","author":"Zhuang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alsalami, F.M., Ahmad, Z., Zvanovec, S., Haigh, P.A., Haas, O.C.L., and Rajbhandari, S. (2019). Indoor Intruder Tracking Using Visible Light Communications. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19204578"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pe\u0161ek, P., Zvanovec, S., Chvojka, P., Bhatnagar, M.R., Ghassemlooy, Z., and Saxena, P. (2018). Mobile User Connectivity in Relay-Assisted Visible Light Communications. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18041125"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gheth, W., Rabie, K.M., Adebisi, B., Ijaz, M., and Harris, G. (2020). Performance Analysis of Cooperative and Non-Cooperative Relaying over VLC Channels. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20133660"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12742","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2893451","article-title":"Experimental Multi-User Visible Light Communication Attocell Using Multiband Carrierless Amplitude and Phase Modulation","volume":"7","author":"Guan","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, N., Louren\u00e7o, N., Terra, D., Alves, L.N., and Aguiar, R.L. (2012, January 3\u20137). Visible light communications in intelligent transportation systems. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, Madrid, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.2012.6232282"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/JPHOT.2020.3005620","article-title":"Characterization of Field of View in Visible Light Communication Systems for Intelligent Transportation Systems","volume":"12","author":"Seminara","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Av\u0103t\u0103m\u0103ni\u021bei, S.-A., C\u0103ilean, A.-M., Done, A., Dimian, M., Popa, V., and Prelipceanu, M. (2020). Design and Intensive Experimental Evaluation of an Enhanced Visible Light Communication System for Automotive Applications. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20113190"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Av\u0103t\u0103m\u0103ni\u021bei, S.-A., C\u0103ilean, A.-M., Done, A., Dimian, M., and Popa, V. (July, January 29). Experimental Evaluation of Traffic Light to Vehicle Visible Light Communications in Snowfall Conditions. Proceedings of the 2020 7th International Conference on Control, Decision and Information Technologies (CoDIT), Prague, Czech Republic.","DOI":"10.1109\/CoDIT49905.2020.9263837"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2376","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2018.2813396","article-title":"The Impact of Solar Irradiance on Visible Light Communications","volume":"36","author":"Islim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Av\u0103t\u0103m\u0103ni\u021bei, S.A., C\u0103ilean, A.-M., Done, A., Dimian, M., and Prelipceanu, M. (2020). Noise Resilient Outdoor Traffic Light Visible Light Communications System Based on Logarithmic Transimpedance Circuit: Experimental Demonstration of a 50 m Reliable Link in Direct Sun Exposure. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20030909"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Av\u0103t\u0103m\u0103ni\u0163ei, S., C\u0103ilean, A., Zadobrischi, E., Done, A., Dimian, M., and Popa, V. (2019, January 12\u201313). Intensive Testing of Infrastructure-to-Vehicle Visible Light Communications in Real Outdoor Scenario: Evaluation of a 50 meters link in Direct Sun Exposure. Proceedings of the 2019 Global LIFI Congress (GLC), Paris, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLC.2019.8864129"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12040","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2019.2948041","article-title":"IEEE 802.15.7-Compliant Ultra-Low Latency Relaying VLC System for Safety-Critical ITS","volume":"68","author":"Nawaz","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4632","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2015.2425473","article-title":"Novel Receiver Sensor for Visible Light Communications in Automotive Applications","volume":"15","author":"Cagneau","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y.C., Shiu, R.J., Wei, L.Y., Hsu, C.W., Chow, C.W., and Yeh, C.H. (2018, January 2\u20136). 100-m Long Distance RGB Visible Light Camera Communication. Proceedings of the 23rd Opto-Electronics and Communications Conference, Jeju Island, Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/OECC.2018.8730013"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C\u0103ilean, A.M., Dimian, M., and Done, A. (2018, January 8\u20139). Enhanced design of visible light communication sensor for automotive applications: Experimental demonstration of a 130 meters link. Proceedings of the 2018 Global LIFI Congress (GLC), Paris, France.","DOI":"10.23919\/GLC.2018.8319100"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, S., Wang, C., Li, G., and Chi, N. (2019, January 11\u201313). A 427.5 Mbps Automotive Headlight Visible Light Communication System Utilizing 64QAM-DMT Modulation with Software Pre-equalization. Proceedings of the IEEE\/CIC International Conference on Communications in China (ICCC), Changchun, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCChina.2019.8855978"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Av\u0103t\u0103m\u0103ni\u0163ei, S., C\u0103ilean, A., Beguni, C., Popa, V., and Dimian, M. (2021, January 29\u201330). Experimental Investigation of Visible Light Communications Coverage in Vehicle-to-Vehicle Applications. Proceedings of the 2021 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Computer Science Technology (ICAICST), Tangerang Selatan, Indonesia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICAICST53116.2021.9497804"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2681","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2017.2706940","article-title":"Current Challenges for Visible Light Communications Usage in Vehicle Applications: A Survey","volume":"19","author":"Dimian","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nishimoto, S., Nagura, T., Yamazato, T., Yendo, T., Fujii, T., Okada, H., and Arai, S. (2011, January 5\u20137). Overlay coding for road-to-vehicle visible light communication using LED array and high-speed camera. Proceedings of the 14th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC), Washington, DC, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2011.6082943"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cailean, A., Cagneau, B., Chassagne, L., Topsu, S., Alayli, Y., and Blosseville, J. (2012, January 3\u20137). Visible light communications: Application to cooperation between vehicles and road infrastructures. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, Madrid, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.2012.6232225"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6801418","DOI":"10.1109\/JPHOT.2013.2277881","article-title":"LED and CMOS Image Sensor Based Optical Wireless Communication System for Automotive Applications","volume":"5","author":"Takai","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cahyadi, W.A., Chung, Y.H., Ghassemlooy, Z., and Hassan, N.B. (2020). Optical Camera Communications: Principles, Modulations, Potential and Challenges. Electronics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics9091339"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2020.3034224","article-title":"Vehicular Visible Light Communications: A Survey","volume":"23","author":"Memedi","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Forkel, G.J.M., Krohn, A., and Hoeher, P.A. (2019). Optical Interference Suppression Based on LCD-Filtering. Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9153134"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Av\u0103t\u0103m\u0103ni\u0163ei, S., C\u0103ilean, A., Beguni, C., Dimian, M., and Popa, V. (2020, January 21\u201323). Analysis Concerning the Usage of Visible Light Communications in Automotive Applications: Achievable Distances vs. Optical Noise. Proceedings of the 2020 International Conference on Development and Application Systems (DAS), Suceava, Romania.","DOI":"10.1109\/DAS49615.2020.9108964"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7905309","DOI":"10.1109\/JPHOT.2015.2499542","article-title":"Experimental Demonstration of VLC-Based Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communications Under Fog Conditions","volume":"7","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eso, E., Burton, A., Hassan, N.B., Abadi, M.M., Ghassemlooy, Z., and Zvanovec, S. (2019, January 3\u20135). Experimental Investigation of the Effects of Fog on Optical Camera-based VLC for a Vehicular Environment. Proceedings of the 2019 15th International Conference on Telecommunications (ConTEL), Graz, Austria.","DOI":"10.1109\/ConTEL.2019.8848552"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen, W., and Tsai, H. (2017, January 27\u201329). Testing vehicle-to-vehicle visible light communications in real-world driving scenarios. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference (VNC), Torino, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/VNC.2017.8275596"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2014.6852088","article-title":"Image-sensor-based visible light communication for automotive applications","volume":"52","author":"Yamazato","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Zhang, M., Zhou, H., Sun, Y., Wei, C., and He, W. (2019, January 5\u20138). A Long Distance Real-time DPSK Visible Light Communication System Based on FPGA. Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Optical Communications and Networks, Huangshan, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICOCN.2019.8934859"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2803","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2016.2529019","article-title":"Toward Environmental-Adaptive Visible Light Communications Receivers for Automotive Applications: A Review","volume":"16","author":"Dimian","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C\u0103ilean, A.-M., Dimian, M., and Popa, V. (2020). Noise-Adaptive Visible Light Communications Receiver for Automotive Applications: A Step Toward Self-Awareness. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20133764"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abualhoul, M.Y., Shagdar, O., and Nashashibi, F. (2016, January 19\u201322). Visible Light inter-vehicle Communication for platooning of autonomous vehicles. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV), Gothenburg, Sweden.","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.2016.7535434"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B\u00e9chadergue, B., Chassagne, L., and Guan, H. (2018, January 8\u20139). Suitability of visible light communication for platooning applications: An experimental study. Proceedings of the 2018 Global LIFI Congress (GLC), Paris, France.","DOI":"10.23919\/GLC.2018.8319093"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"U\u00e7ar, S., Ergen, S.\u00c7., and \u00d6zkasap, \u00d6. (2017, January 15\u201318). Security vulnerabilities of autonomous platoons. Proceedings of the 2017 25th Signal Processing and Communications Applications Conference (SIU), Antalya, Turkey.","DOI":"10.1109\/SIU.2017.7960322"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8667","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2018.2840846","article-title":"IEEE 802.11p and Visible Light Hybrid Communication Based Secure Autonomous Platoon","volume":"67","author":"Ucar","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hardes, T., and Sommer, C. (2019, January 4\u20136). Towards Heterogeneous Communication Strategies for Urban Platooning at Intersections. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference (VNC), Los Angeles, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/VNC48660.2019.9062835"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Masini, B.M., Bazzi, A., and Zanella, A. (2018). A Survey on the Roadmap to Mandate on Board Connectivity and Enable V2V-Based Vehicular Sensor Networks. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18072207"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zadobrischi, E., Cosovanu, L.-M., and Dimian, M. (2020). Traffic Flow Density Model and Dynamic Traffic Congestion Model Simulation Based on Practice Case with Vehicle Network and System Traffic Intelligent Communication. Symmetry, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/sym12071172"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marabissi, D., Mucchi, L., Caputo, S., Nizzi, F., Pecorella, T., Fantacci, R., Nawaz, T., Seminara, M., and Catani, J. (2020). Experimental Measurements of a Joint 5G-VLC Communication for Future Vehicular Networks. J. Sens. Actuator Netw., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jsan9030032"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abualhoul, M.Y., Munoz, E.T., and Nashashibi, F. (2018, January 12\u201314). The Use of Lane-Centering to Ensure the Visible Light Communication Connectivity for a Platoon of Autonomous Vehicles. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Conference on Vehicular Electronics and Safety (ICVES), Madrid, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICVES.2018.8519502"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cuba-Z\u00fa\u00f1iga, D.J., Mafra, S.B., and Mej\u00eda-Salazar, J.R. (2020). Cooperative Full-Duplex V2V-VLC in Rectilinear and Curved Roadway Scenarios. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20133734"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Memedi, A., Tsai, H., and Dressler, F. (2017, January 4\u20138). Impact of Realistic Light Radiation Pattern on Vehicular Visible Light Communication. Proceedings of the GLOBECOM 2017\u20142017 IEEE Global Communications Conference, Singapore.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2017.8253979"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eldeeb, H.B., Eso, E., Uysal, M., Ghassemlooy, Z., Zvanovec, S., and Sathian, J. (October, January 28). Vehicular Visible Light Communications: The Impact of Taillight Radiation Pattern. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE Photonics Conference (IPC), Vancouver, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/IPC47351.2020.9252554"},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"(2021, March 05). Motorways. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/transport\/road_safety\/sites\/roadsafety\/files\/pdf\/ersosynthesis2018-motorways.pdf."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1109\/5.554222","article-title":"Wireless infrared communications","volume":"85","author":"Kahn","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2018.2862141","article-title":"Optical Wireless Communication Channel Measurements and Models","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6891","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2020.2993294","article-title":"Channel Modelling and Performance Limits of Vehicular Visible Light Communication Systems","volume":"69","author":"Karbalayghareh","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cailean, A., Cagneau, B., Chassagne, L., Dimian, M., and Popa, V. (2014, January 29\u201331). Miller code usage in Visible Light Communications under the PHY I layer of the IEEE 802.15.7 standard. Proceedings of the 2014 10th International Conference on Communications (COMM), Bucharest, Romania.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICComm.2014.6866699"},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"United Nations (2011). Agreement Concerning the Adoption of Uniform Technical Prescriptions for Wheeled Vehicles, Equipment and Parts Which Can be Fitted and\/or be Used on Wheeled Vehicles and the Conditions for Reciprocal Recognition of Approvals Granted on the Basis of these Prescriptions, United Nations. Addendum 6: Regulation No. 7. Revision 5\u2014Amendment 2."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1600206","article-title":"Impact of IEEE 802.15.7 Standard on Visible Light Communications Usage in Automotive Applications","volume":"55","author":"Cailean","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cailean, A., Cagneau, B., Chassagne, L., Topsu, S., Alayli, Y., and Dimian, M. (2013, January 21). Visible light communications cooperative architecture for the intelligent transportation system. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE 20th Symposium on Communications and Vehicular Technology in the Benelux (SCVT), Namur, Belgium.","DOI":"10.1109\/SCVT.2013.6736001"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eso, E., Pesek, P., Chvojka, P., Ghassemlooy, Z., Zvanovec, S., and Sathian, J. (October, January 28). A Relay-Assisted Vehicular Visible Light Communications Network. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE Photonics Conference (IPC), Vancouver, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/IPC47351.2020.9252388"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaki, R.W., Fayed, H.A., Abd El Aziz, A., and Aly, M.H. (2019). Outdoor Visible Light Communication in Intelligent Transportation Systems: Impact of Snow and Rain. Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9245453"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/11\/3577\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:05:15Z","timestamp":1760162715000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/11\/3577"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["s21113577"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21113577","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]]}}}