{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T10:01:34Z","timestamp":1764842494300,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]],"date-time":"2021-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010198","name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda, Industria y Competitividad, Gobierno de Espa\u00f1a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DPI-2016-78831-C2-1-R","DPI-2016-78831-C2-2-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DPI-2016-78831-C2-1-R","DPI-2016-78831-C2-2-R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010198","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"EU FEDER funds","award":["EU FEDER funds"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EU FEDER funds"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The time spent in glucose ranges is a common metric in type 1 diabetes (T1D). As the time in one day is finite and limited, Compositional Data (CoDa) analysis is appropriate to deal with times spent in different glucose ranges in one day. This work proposes a CoDa approach applied to glucose profiles obtained from six T1D patients using continuous glucose monitor (CGM). Glucose profiles of 24-h and 6-h duration were categorized according to the relative interpretation of time spent in different glucose ranges, with the objective of presenting a probabilistic model of prediction of category of the next 6-h period based on the category of the previous 24-h period. A discriminant model for determining the category of the 24-h periods was obtained, achieving an average above 94% of correct classification. A probabilistic model of transition between the category of the past 24-h of glucose to the category of the future 6-h period was obtained. Results show that the approach based on CoDa is suitable for the categorization of glucose profiles giving rise to a new analysis tool. This tool could be very helpful for patients, to anticipate the occurrence of potential adverse events or undesirable variability and for physicians to assess patients\u2019 outcomes and then tailor their therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21113593","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,24]],"date-time":"2021-05-24T00:01:20Z","timestamp":1621814480000},"page":"3593","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Probabilistic Model of Transition between Categories of Glucose Profiles in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Using a Compositional Data Analysis Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3356-8375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lyvia","family":"Biagi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Campus Guarapuava, Federal University of Technology\u2014Paran\u00e1 (UTFPR), 85053-525 Guarapuava, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7336-6941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arthur","family":"Bertachi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Campus Guarapuava, Federal University of Technology\u2014Paran\u00e1 (UTFPR), 85053-525 Guarapuava, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2976-1690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marga","family":"Gim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Unit, Endocrinology and Nutrition Department Hospital Cl\u00ednic de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metab\u00f3licas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5532-5449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ignacio","family":"Conget","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Unit, Endocrinology and Nutrition Department Hospital Cl\u00ednic de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metab\u00f3licas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7286-3719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Bondia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metab\u00f3licas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Universitario de Autom\u00e1tica e Inform\u00e1tica Industrial, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, 46022 Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2366-1592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josep Antoni","family":"Mart\u00edn-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament d\u2019Inform\u00e0tica, Matem\u00e0tica Aplicada i Estad\u00edstica, Universitat de Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6884-9789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josep","family":"Veh\u00ed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metab\u00f3licas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Institut d\u2019inform\u00e1tica i Aplicacions, Universitat de Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1109\/RBME.2009.2036073","article-title":"Diabetes: Models, Signals, and Control","volume":"2","author":"Cobelli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. IEEE Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Walsh, J., and Roberts, R. (2006). Pumping Insulin: Everything You Need to Succeed on an Insulin Pump, Torrey Pines Press."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-2035","article-title":"Glucose Variability: Timing, Risk Analysis, and Relationship to Hypoglycemia in Diabetes","volume":"39","author":"Kovatchev","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2015.39.4.273","article-title":"Glycemic variability: How do we measure it and why is it important?","volume":"39","author":"Suh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sim, L.L.W., Ban, K.H.K., Tan, T.W., Sethi, S.K., and Loh, T.P. (2017). Development of a clinical decision support system for diabetes care: A pilot study. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0173021"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10775","DOI":"10.2196\/10775","article-title":"Artificial Intelligence for Diabetes Management and Decision Support: Literature Review","volume":"20","author":"Contreras","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tyler, N.S., and Jacobs, P.G. (2020). Artificial Intelligence in Decision Support Systems for Type 1 Diabetes. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20113214"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"231","article-title":"On the interpretation of differences between groups for compositional data","volume":"39","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sort"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3726","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280217710835","article-title":"Compositional data analysis for physical activity, sedentary time and sleep research","volume":"27","author":"Dumuid","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stat. Methods Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chastin, S.F.M., Palarea-Albaladejo, J., Dontje, M.L., and Skelton, D.A. (2015). Combined effects of time spent in physical activity, sedentary behaviors and sleep on obesity and cardio-metabolic health markers: A novel compositional data analysis approach. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0139984"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"135","article-title":"Integrating sleep, sedentary behaviour, and physical activity research in the emerging field of time-use epidemiology: Definitions, concepts, statistical methods, theoretical framework, and future directions","volume":"49","author":"Dumuid","year":"2017","journal-title":"Kinesiology"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280217737805","article-title":"The compositional isotemporal substitution model: A method for estimating changes in a health outcome for reallocation of time between sleep, physical activity and sedentary behaviour","volume":"28","author":"Dumuid","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stat. Methods Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3550","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280218808819","article-title":"Individual categorisation of glucose profiles using compositional data analysis","volume":"28","author":"Biagi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stat. Methods Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Bach, K., Bunescu, R., Farri, O., Guo, A., Hasan, S., Ibrahim, Z.M., Marling, C., Raffa, J., Rubin, J., and Wu, H. (2018, January 13). Compositional Data Analysis of Type 1 Diabetes Data. Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Knowledge Discovery in Healthcare Data (KDH), Stockholm, Sweden."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2019.06.194","article-title":"Compositional Data Analysis of Glucose Profiles of Type 1 Diabetes Patients","volume":"52","author":"Biagi","year":"2019","journal-title":"IFAC-PapersOnLine"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"489","article-title":"Mathematical Contributions to the Theory of Evolution.\u2013On a Form of Spurious Correlation Which May Arise When Indices Are Used in the Measurement of Organs","volume":"60","author":"Pearson","year":"1896","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Lond. (1854\u20131905)"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1982.tb01195.x","article-title":"The Statistical Analysis of Compositional Data","volume":"44","author":"Aitchison","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. R. Statist. Soc. Ser. B"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Aitchison, J. (1986). The Statistical Analysis of Compositional Data (Monographs on Statistics and Applied Probability), Chapman and Hall."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023818214614","article-title":"Isometric Logratio Transformations for Compositional Data Analysis","volume":"35","author":"Egozcue","year":"2003","journal-title":"Math. Geol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00891269","article-title":"On criteria for measures of compositional difference","volume":"24","author":"Aitchison","year":"1992","journal-title":"Math. Geol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1007\/s00357-012-9105-4","article-title":"Dealing with Distances and Transformations for Fuzzy C-Means Clustering of Compositional Data","volume":"29","author":"Soto","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Classif."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"342","article-title":"Blood glucose monitoring during aerobic and anaerobic physical exercise using a new artificial pancreas system","volume":"65","author":"Bertachi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Diabetes Nutr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-1624","article-title":"Standardizing Clinically Meaningful Outcome Measures Beyond HbA1c for Type 1 Diabetes: A Consensus Report of the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, the American Association of Diabetes Educators, the American Diabetes Association, the Endocrine Society, JDRF International, The Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust, the Pediatric Endocrine Society, and the T1D Exchange","volume":"40","author":"Agiostratidou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2018). 6. Glycemic Targets: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes\u20142019. Diabetes Care, 42, S61\u2013S70.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-S006"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023866030544","article-title":"Dealing with Zeros and Missing Values in Compositional Data Sets Using Nonparametric Imputation","volume":"35","year":"2003","journal-title":"Math. Geol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mart\u00edn-Fern\u00e1ndez, J.A., Palarea-Albaladejo, J., and Olea, R.A. (2011). Dealing with Zeros. Compositional Data Analysis: Theory and Applications, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119976462.ch4"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csda.2012.02.012","article-title":"Computational Statistics and Data Analysis Model-based replacement of rounded zeros in compositional data: Classical and robust approaches","volume":"56","author":"Hron","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Stat. Data Anal."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1177\/1471082X14535524","article-title":"Bayesian-multiplicative treatment of count zeros in compositional data sets","volume":"15","author":"Hron","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stat. Model. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemolab.2015.02.019","article-title":"zCompositions\u2014R package for multivariate imputation of left-censored data under a compositional approach","volume":"143","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chemom. Intell. Lab. Syst."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Egozcue, J.J., and Pawlowsky-Glahn, V. (2006). Compositional Data Analysis in the Geosciences: From Theory to Practice, Geological Society. chapter Simplicial geometry for compositional data.","DOI":"10.1144\/GSL.SP.2006.264.01.11"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Pawlosky-Glahn, V. (1997, January 22\u201327). The one-hour course in compositional data analysis or compositional data analysis is simple. Proceedings of the IAMG\u201997 \u2014 The Third Annual Conference of the International Association for Mathematical Geology, Barcelona, Spain. Volume I, II and addendum."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"453","article-title":"The Biplot Graphic Display of Matrices with Application to Principal Component Analysis","volume":"58","author":"Gabriel","year":"1971","journal-title":"Source Biom. Biom. Trust."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.2307\/2346830","article-title":"A k-means clustering algorithm","volume":"28","author":"Hartigan","year":"1979","journal-title":"JSTOR Appl. Stat."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pawlowsky-Glahn, V., Egozcue, J.J., and Tolosana-Delgado, R. (2015). Modeling and Analysis of Compositional Data. John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119003144"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"1","article-title":"A dendrite method for cluster analysis","volume":"3","author":"Harabasz","year":"1974","journal-title":"Commun. Stat."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1080\/01969727408546059","article-title":"Well-Separated Clusters and Optimal Fuzzy Partitions","volume":"4","author":"Dunn","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Cybern."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-0427(87)90125-7","article-title":"Silhouettes: A graphical aid to the interpretation and validation of cluster analysis","volume":"20","author":"Rousseeuw","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Comput. Appl. Math."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coal.2021.103767","article-title":"Insights on the characteristics and sources of gas from an underground coal mine using compositional data analysis","volume":"241","author":"Ruppert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Coal Geol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Filzmoser, P.E.A. (2021). Multivariate Classification of the Crude Oil Petroleum Systems in Southeast Texas, USA, Using Conventional and Compositional Data Analysis of Biomarkers. Advances in Compositional Data Analysis, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-71175-7"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"1","article-title":"Risk Analysis of Blood Glucose Data: A Quantitative Approach to Optimizing the Control of Insulin Dependent Diabetes","volume":"3","author":"Kovatchev","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Theor. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-1809.1936.tb02137.x","article-title":"The Use of Multiple Measurements in Taxonomic Problems","volume":"7","author":"Fisher","year":"1936","journal-title":"Ann. Eugen."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2833","DOI":"10.1002\/cnm.2833","article-title":"A review of personalized blood glucose prediction strategies for T1DM patients","volume":"33","author":"Oviedo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Numer. Methods Biomed. Eng."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/11\/3593\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:05:39Z","timestamp":1760162739000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/11\/3593"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["s21113593"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21113593","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]]}}}