{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T03:28:36Z","timestamp":1772681316398,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,25]],"date-time":"2021-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61765009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61765009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61962031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61962031"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Introducing Talent Research Start-up Project of KMUST","award":["KKSY201603042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KKSY201603042"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The three-dimensional (3D) simulation model of a lithium niobate (LiNbO3, LN) optical waveguide (OWG) electric field sensor has been established by using the full-wave electromagnetic simulation software. The influences of the LN substrate and the packaging material on the resonance frequency of the integrated OWG electric field sensor have been simulated and analyzed. The simulation results show that the thickness of the LN substrate has a great influence on the resonant frequency of the sensor (\u224833.4%). A sensor with a substrate thickness of 1 mm has been designed, fabricated, and experimentally investigated. Experimental results indicate that the measured resonance frequency is 7.5 GHz, which nearly coincides with the simulation results. Moreover, the sensor can be used for the measurement of the nanosecond electromagnetic impulse (NEMP) in the time domain from 1.29 kV\/m to 100.97 kV\/m.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21113672","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,25]],"date-time":"2021-05-25T22:02:23Z","timestamp":1621980143000},"page":"3672","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Design and Analysis of Broadband LiNbO3 Optical Waveguide Electric Field Sensor with Tapered Antenna"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3380-2216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haiying","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Engineering and Automation, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Jingming South Road No.727, Chenggong District, Kunming 650500, China"},{"name":"Yunnan Key Laboratory of Computer Technology Applications, Kunming 650500, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yingna","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Engineering and Automation, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Jingming South Road No.727, Chenggong District, Kunming 650500, China"},{"name":"Yunnan Key Laboratory of Computer Technology Applications, Kunming 650500, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiahong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Engineering and Automation, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Jingming South Road No.727, Chenggong District, Kunming 650500, China"},{"name":"Yunnan Key Laboratory of Computer Technology Applications, Kunming 650500, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2012.2195780","article-title":"Integrated Optical Electric Field Sensor From 10 kHz to 18 GHz","volume":"24","author":"Sun","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Technol. 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