{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T21:30:25Z","timestamp":1772659825539,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,26]],"date-time":"2021-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003715","name":"KRIBB","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KRIBB) Initiative Research Program"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KRIBB) Initiative Research Program"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003715","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The discrimination learning of multiple odors, in which multi-odor can be associated with different responses, is important for responding quickly and accurately to changes in the external environment. However, very few studies have been done on multi-odor discrimination by animal sniffing. Herein, we report a novel multi-odor discrimination system by detection rats based on the combination of 2-Choice and Go\/No-Go (GNG) tasks into a single paradigm, in which the Go response of GNG was replaced by 2-Choice, for detection of toluene and acetone, which are odor indicators of lung cancer and diabetes, respectively. Three of six trained rats reached performance criterion, in 12 consecutive successful tests within a given set or over 12 sets with a success rate of over 90%. Through a total of 1300 tests, the trained animals (N = 3) showed multi-odor sensing performance with 88% accuracy, 87% sensitivity and 90% specificity. In addition, a dependence of behavior response time on odor concentrations under given concentration conditions was observed, suggesting that the system could be used for quantitative measurements. Furthermore, the animals\u2019 multi-odor sensing performance has lasted for 45 days, indicating long-term stability of the learned multi-odor discrimination. These findings demonstrate that multi-odor discrimination can be achieved by rat sniffing, potentially providing insight into the rapid, accurate and cost-effective multi-odor monitoring in the lung cancer and diabetes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21113696","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,26]],"date-time":"2021-05-26T21:56:44Z","timestamp":1622066204000},"page":"3696","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Multi-Odor Discrimination by Rat Sniffing for Potential Monitoring of Lung Cancer and Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Yunkwang","family":"Oh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB) 125 Gwahang-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ohseok","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB) 125 Gwahang-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sun-Seek","family":"Min","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Eulji University School of Medicine, 77 Gyeryong-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon 34824, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yong-Beom","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB) 125 Gwahang-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea"},{"name":"KRIBB School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6406-3930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min-Kyu","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Moonil","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB) 125 Gwahang-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea"},{"name":"KRIBB School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2014.2358261","article-title":"Applications of animal biosensors: A review","volume":"15","author":"Oh","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. 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