{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T21:31:57Z","timestamp":1781127117292,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]],"date-time":"2021-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016775","name":"Politechnika Lubelska","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FD-EE-314"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FD-EE-314"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016775","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Supporting the development of a child with autism is a multi-profile therapeutic work on disturbed areas, especially understanding and linguistic expression used in social communication and development of social contacts. Previous studies show that it is possible to perform some therapy using a robot. This article is a synthesis review of the literature on research with the use of robots in the therapy of children with the diagnosis of early childhood autism. The review includes scientific journals from 2005\u20132021. Using descriptors: ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorders), Social robots, and Robot-based interventions, an analysis of available research in PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science was done. The results showed that a robot seems to be a great tool that encourages contact and involvement in joint activities. The review of the literature indicates the potential value of the use of robots in the therapy of people with autism as a facilitator in social contacts. Robot-Assisted Autism Therapy (RAAT) can encourage child to talk or do exercises. In the second aspect (prompting during a conversation), a robot encourages eye contact and suggests possible answers, e.g., during free conversation with a peer. In the third aspect (teaching, entertainment), the robot could play with autistic children in games supporting the development of joint attention. These types of games stimulate the development of motor skills and orientation in the body schema. In future work, a validation test would be desirable to check whether children with ASD are able to do the same with a real person by learning distrust and cheating the robot.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21113720","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]],"date-time":"2021-05-27T04:30:46Z","timestamp":1622089846000},"page":"3720","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Robot-Assisted Autism Therapy (RAAT). Criteria and Types of Experiments Using Anthropomorphic and Zoomorphic Robots. Review of the Research"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Barbara","family":"Szymona","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanus Medical Center, Day Treatment Center for Children with Autism, Magnoliowa 2, 20-143 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcin","family":"Maciejewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Information Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 36, 20-618 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4063-8503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Karpi\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Machine Design and Mechatronics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 36, 20-618 Lublin, Poland"},{"name":"Chair and I Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin, 20-439 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9975-1458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamil","family":"Jonak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuropsychiatry, Medical University of Lublin, 20-439 Lublin, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Lublin University of Technology, 20-618 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"El\u017cbieta","family":"Radzikowska-B\u00fcchner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Maxillary Surgery, Central Clinical Hospital MSWiA, Wo\u0142oska 137, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1280-0622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konrad","family":"Niderla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dream-Art sp. z o.o., Capital Park, Rejtana 67\/5.16, 35-326 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"},{"name":"University of Economics and Innovation, Projektowa 4, 20-209 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1397-3947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Prokopiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alpha Medical Center, Warszawska 15, 20-803 Lublin, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Special Psychopedagogy and Special Sociopedagogy, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin, Curie-Sk\u0142odowskiej 5, 20-031 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ricks, D.J., and Colton, M.B. (2010, January 3\u20137). Trends and considerations in robot-assisted autism therapy. Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Anchorage, AK, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ROBOT.2010.5509327"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-bioeng-071811-150036","article-title":"Robots for Use in Autism Research","volume":"14","author":"Scassellati","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-012-1645-2","article-title":"Social Robots as Embedded Reinforcers of Social Behavior in Children with Autism","volume":"43","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.01732","article-title":"Theory of Robot Mind: False Belief Attribution to Social Robots in Children with and Without Autism","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2019.04.008","article-title":"Could social robots facilitate children with autism spectrum disorders in learning distrust and deception?","volume":"98","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012017","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/234\/1\/012017","article-title":"Investigating the Effects of Robot-Assisted Therapy among Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder using Bio-markers","volume":"234","author":"Bharatharaj","year":"2017","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1080\/10409289.2016.1158611","article-title":"Children\u2019s Cognitive and Behavioral Reactions to an Autonomous Versus Controlled Social Robot Dog","volume":"27","author":"Chernyak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Early Educ. Dev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.35784\/iapgos.2066","article-title":"Development of a modular light-weight manipulator for human-robot interaction in medical applications","volume":"10","author":"Kurnicki","year":"2020","journal-title":"IAPGOS"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W\u00f3jcicki, P., Powro\u017anik, P., \u017by\u0142a, K., and Grzeg\u00f3rski, S. (2018). Influence of mobile robot control algorithms on the process of avoiding obstacles. Inform. Autom. Pomiary W Gospod. I Ochr. Sr., 8.","DOI":"10.5604\/01.3001.0012.8041"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.35784\/iapgos.922","article-title":"Face recognition techniques","volume":"10","author":"Romanyuk","year":"2020","journal-title":"IAPGOS"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.35784\/iapgos.927","article-title":"Logical classification trees in recognition problems","volume":"10","author":"Povhan","year":"2020","journal-title":"IAPGOS"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-015-9649-x","article-title":"A Survey of Expectations About the Role of Robots in Robot-Assisted Therapy for Children with ASD: Ethical Acceptability, Trust, Sociability, Appearance, and Attachment","volume":"22","author":"Coeckelbergh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Eng. Ethics"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361301005003008","article-title":"Children with Autism Display more Social Behaviors after Repeated Imitation Sessions","volume":"5","author":"Field","year":"2001","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Grandin, T. (2006). Thinking in Pictures: And Other Reports from My Life with Autism, Bloomsbury."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-019-03953-x","article-title":"Outcomes of a Robot-Assisted Social-Emotional Understanding Intervention for Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders","volume":"50","author":"Marino","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702614540646","article-title":"A Two-Hit Model of Autism: Adolescence as the Second Hit","volume":"3","author":"Picci","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2012.03.007","article-title":"The index of autonomous functioning: Development of a scale of human autonomy","volume":"46","author":"Weinstein","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Res. Personal."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1590\/2446-4740.01316","article-title":"Analysis of the use of a robot to improve social skills in children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"32","author":"Goulart","year":"2016","journal-title":"Res. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-018-3848-7","article-title":"Brief Report: A Novel System to Evaluate Autism Spectrum Disorders Using Two Humanoid Robots","volume":"49","author":"Kumazaki","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cossu, G., Boria, S., Copioli, C., Bracceschi, R., Giuberti, V., Santelli, E., and Gallese, V. (2012). Motor Representation of Actions in Children with Autism. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0044779"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026056229214","article-title":"Procedures for Teaching Appropriate Gestural Communication Skills to Children with Autism","volume":"28","author":"Buffington","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.12159","article-title":"Using robot animation to promote gestural skills in children with autism spectrum disorders: Gestural training by animated robot","volume":"32","author":"So","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Comput Assist. Learn."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361314556783","article-title":"The development of co-speech gesture and its semantic integration with speech in 6- to 12-year-old children with autism spectrum disorders","volume":"19","author":"So","year":"2015","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1037\/a0039854","article-title":"Children\u2019s expressions of positive emotion are sustained by smiling, touching, and playing with parents and siblings: A naturalistic observational study of family life","volume":"52","author":"Bai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2018.04.009","article-title":"Social touch and human development","volume":"35","author":"Cascio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dev. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2879","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2847-13.2014","article-title":"Human C-Tactile Afferents Are Tuned to the Temperature of a Skin-Stroking Caress","volume":"34","author":"Ackerley","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.npep.2017.01.001","article-title":"C-tactile afferents: Cutaneous mediators of oxytocin release during affiliative tactile interactions?","volume":"64","author":"Walker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropeptides"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2078","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2014.78","article-title":"An Oxytocin-Induced Facilitation of Neural and Emotional Responses to Social Touch Correlates Inversely with Autism Traits","volume":"39","author":"Scheele","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2010.02255.x","article-title":"Sensory processing in internationally adopted, post-institutionalized children: Institutionalization and sensory processing","volume":"51","author":"Wilbarger","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Child. Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1002\/imhj.21539","article-title":"Infant avoidance during a tactile task predicts autism spectrum behaviors in toddlerhood: Infant Avoidance During a Tactile Task","volume":"36","author":"Mammen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infant Ment. Health J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.05.033","article-title":"Peripheral Mechanosensory Neuron Dysfunction Underlies Tactile and Behavioral Deficits in Mouse Models of ASDs","volume":"166","author":"Orefice","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-015-0439-1","article-title":"Somatosensory Event-Related Potentials and Association with Tactile Behavioral Responsiveness Patterns in Children with ASD","volume":"28","author":"Cascio","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Topogr."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-013-1961-1","article-title":"Self-reported Pleasantness Ratings and Examiner-Coded Defensiveness in Response to Touch in Children with ASD: Effects of Stimulus Material and Bodily Location","volume":"46","author":"Cascio","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2014.11.008","article-title":"Genetic variation in serotonin transporter modulates tactile hyperresponsiveness in ASD","volume":"10","author":"Schauder","year":"2015","journal-title":"Res. Autism Spectr. Disord."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2014.09.018","article-title":"White matter correlates of sensory processing in autism spectrum disorders","volume":"6","author":"Pryweller","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Soleiman, P., Moradi, H., Mahmoudi, M., Teymouri, M., and Pouretemad, H.R. (2021). Teaching Turn-Taking Skills to Children with Autism using a Parrot-Like Robot. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"478","article-title":"Usefulness of Animal Type Robot Assisted Therapy for Autism Spectrum Disorder in the Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Ward","volume":"Volume 10091","author":"Otake","year":"2017","journal-title":"New Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012024","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1782\/1\/012024","article-title":"Construction of a zoomorphical robot for rehabilitation of autistic children","volume":"1782","author":"Niderla","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wood, L.J., Zaraki, A., Robins, B., and Dautenhahn, K. (2019). Developing Kaspar: A Humanoid Robot for Children with Autism. Int. J. Soc. Robot.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-019-00563-6"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1111\/cdep.12011","article-title":"Children\u2019s Social Relationships with Current and Near-Future Robots","volume":"7","author":"Kahn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Child. Dev. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheok, A.D., and Zhang, E.Y. (2019). Are Robots Alive?. Human\u2013Robot. Intimate Relationships, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-94730-3"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shanmugam, A.K., and Marimuthu, R. (2021). A Critical Analysis and Review of Assistive Technology. Handbook of Decision Support Systems for Neurological Disorders, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-822271-3.00001-3"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"12","article-title":"The Development of Game to Develop the Cognitive Skill for Autistic Children via Virtual Reality","volume":"15","author":"Patsadu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inf. Technol. J."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-92049-8_40","article-title":"The Utility of the Virtual Reality in Autistic Disorder Treatment","volume":"Volume 10907","author":"Antona","year":"2018","journal-title":"Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction. Methods, Technologies, and Users"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shahab, M., Taheri, A., Mokhtari, M., Shariati, A., Heidari, R., Meghdari, A., and Alemi, M. (2021). Utilizing social virtual reality robot (V2R) for music education to children with high-functioning autism. Educ. Inf. Technol.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-020-10392-0"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mesa-Gresa, P., Gil-G\u00f3mez, H., Lozano-Quilis, J.-A., and Gil-G\u00f3mez, J.-A. (2018). Effectiveness of Virtual Reality for Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder: An Evidence-Based Systematic Review. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18082486"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-47437-3_53","article-title":"Social Robots and Teaching Music to Autistic Children: Myth or Reality?","volume":"Volume 9979","author":"Agah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Social Robotics"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taheri, A., Meghdari, A., Alemi, M., and Pouretemad, H. (2017). Teaching Music to Children with Autism: A Social Robotics Challenge. Sci. Iran.","DOI":"10.24200\/sci.2017.4608"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cai, Y., Goei, S.L., and Trooster, W. (2017). A Gaze Tracking System for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Simulation and Serious Games for Education, Springer. Gaming Media and Social Effects.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-0861-0"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1075\/is.10.3.04fra","article-title":"A long-term study of children with autism playing with a robotic pet: Taking inspirations from non-directive play therapy to encourage children\u2019s proactivity and initiative-taking","volume":"10","author":"Powell","year":"2009","journal-title":"IS Interact. Stud."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Redwood, B., Sch\u00f6ffer, F., and Garret, B. (2017). The 3D Printing Handbook: Technologies, Design and Applications, 3D HUBS."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1500269CM","article-title":"Wide-area Wireless Communication Challenges for the Internet of Things","volume":"55","author":"Dhillon","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"(2021, April 18). A$degeo XAML Syntax in Detail\u2014WPF.NET Framework. Available online: https:\/\/docs.microsoft.com\/en-us\/dotnet\/desktop\/wpf\/advanced\/xaml-syntax-in-detail."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1740002","DOI":"10.1142\/S2424905X17400025","article-title":"Assistive Robot, RGB-D Sensor and Graphical User Interface to Encourage Communication Skills in ASD Population","volume":"2","author":"Palestra","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Med. Robot. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1615","article-title":"Identifying children with autism spectrum disorder based on their face processing abnormality: A machine learning framework: Face Processing in Autism","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Autism Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.robot.2020.103484","article-title":"Robot-Assisted Intervention for children with special needs: A comparative assessment for autism screening","volume":"127","author":"Bastos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Robot. Auton. Syst."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katsanis, I.A., and Moulianitis, V.C. (2021). An Architecture for Safe Child\u2013Robot Interactions in Autism Interventions. Robotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/robotics10010020"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huijnen, C.A., AS Lexis, M., and de Witte, L.P. (2017). Robots as New Tools in Therapy and Education for Children with Autism. Int. J. Neurorehabilit. Eng., 4.","DOI":"10.4172\/2376-0281.1000278"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361320935006","article-title":"Self-initiations in young children with autism during Pivotal Response Treatment with and without robot assistance","volume":"24","author":"Oosterling","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ram\u00edrez-Duque, A.A., Aycardi, L.F., Villa, A., Munera, M., Bastos, T., Belpaeme, T., Frizera-Neto, A., and Cifuentes, C.A. (2020). Collaborative and Inclusive Process with the Autism Community: A Case Study in Colombia About Social Robot Design. Int. J. Soc. Robot.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-020-00627-y"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Billing, E., Belpaeme, T., Cai, H., Cao, H.-L., Ciocan, A., Costescu, C., David, D., Homewood, R., Hernandez Garcia, D., and G\u00f3mez Esteban, P. (2020). The DREAM Dataset: Supporting a data-driven study of autism spectrum disorder and robot enhanced therapy. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0236939"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1037\/gpr0000007","article-title":"The Effects of Robot-Enhanced Psychotherapy: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"18","author":"Costescu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Gen. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1177\/0735633119830344","article-title":"Effects of a Robot-Enhanced Intervention for Children with ASD on Teaching Turn-Taking Skills","volume":"58","author":"David","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Educ. Comput. Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1527","article-title":"Autism and social robotics: A systematic review: Autism and social robotics","volume":"9","author":"Pennisi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Autism Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2020.1819667","article-title":"Child-Robot Interaction in a Musical Dance Game: An Exploratory Comparison Study between Typically Developing Children and Children with Autism","volume":"37","author":"Barnes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, Z., Groechel, T.R., Jain, S., Chima, K., Rudovic, O., and Matari\u0107, M.J. (2021). Toward Personalized Affect-Aware Socially Assistive Robot Tutors in Long-Term Interventions for Children with Autism. arXiv.","DOI":"10.1145\/3526111"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, Z., Cao, M., Pei, S., Qiao, X., Groechel, T.R., and Matari\u0107, M.J. (2021). Personalized Affect-Aware Socially Assistive Robot Tutors Aimed at Fostering Social Grit in Children with Autism. arXiv.","DOI":"10.1145\/3526111"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1515\/pjbr-2021-0010","article-title":"Getting in touch with children with autism: Specialist guidelines for a touch-perceiving robot","volume":"12","author":"Burns","year":"2020","journal-title":"Paladyn J. Behav. Robot."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burns, R.B., Seifi, H., Lee, H., and Kuchenbecker, K.J. (2021, January 8\u201311). A Haptic Empathetic Robot Animal for Children with Autism. Proceedings of the Companion of the 2021 ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction, Boulder, CO, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3434074.3446352"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zoder-Martell, K.A., Floress, M.T., Schiuchetti, M.B., Markelz, A.M., and Sayyeh, L. (2021). Teachers\u2019 Willingness to Use a Telepresence Robot for Consultation with Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Contemp. Sch. Psychol.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40688-021-00359-4"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1515\/pjbr-2021-0007","article-title":"Robot-mediated intervention can assist children with autism to develop visual perspective taking skills","volume":"12","author":"Lakatos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Paladyn J. Behav. Robot."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfailanal.2017.06.030","article-title":"Self-rotatory performance of conical cutter interacted with rock material","volume":"80","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eng. Fail. Anal."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/11\/3720\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:08:42Z","timestamp":1760162922000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/11\/3720"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["s21113720"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21113720","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]]}}}