{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T05:38:23Z","timestamp":1784180303138,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,30]],"date-time":"2021-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622332800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Today, the world is experiencing the COVID-19 health contingency, which prevents people from being exposed to one another and restricts physical contact. Under this context, the use of technology has become an essential tool to face the challenges of daily life, and virtual reality can be an alternative in the development of solutions that effectively support the acquisition of learning skills and knowledge transmission through the execution of tasks designed by multi-disciplinary groups. In addition, it can encourage the user to continue with the acquisition of learning skills in a friendly and fun way in a health and education context. This work proposes the use of virtual reality environments as an alternative to support the learning process in children with special educational needs such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and other associated disorders that occur in basic education. These proposed reality environments are designed under the Lean UX process model and their contents are designed according to expert therapeutic guidelines. As a result of this proposal, a case study is presented in which the user experience is evaluated through the use of an interactive environment to support the special educational needs of elementary school children attending an educational institution in Mexico.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21113787","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]],"date-time":"2021-05-31T03:45:29Z","timestamp":1622432729000},"page":"3787","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["A Lean UX Process Model for Virtual Reality Environments Considering ADHD in Pupils at Elementary School in COVID-19 Contingency"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9626-6254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H\u00e9ctor","family":"Cardona-Reyes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CONACYT Research Fellow, Center for Research in Mathematics, Zacatecas 98160, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3635-7592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaime","family":"Mu\u00f1oz-Arteaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Sistemas de Informaci\u00f3n, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes 20131, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klinge","family":"Villalba-Condori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vicerectorado de Investigaci\u00f3n, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Santa Mar\u00eda, Arequipa 1350, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Lorena","family":"Barba-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research in Mathematics, Quantum Knowledge City, Zacatecas 98160, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.17843\/rpmesp.2020.374.6866","article-title":"Pandemia de la COVID-19: Tormentas y retos","volume":"37","author":"Cabezas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Peru. Med. Exp. Salud P\u00fablica"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2004361","article-title":"History in a crisis\u2014Lessons for Covid-19","volume":"382","author":"Jones","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barua, S. (2020). Understanding Coronanomics: The Economic Implications of the Coronavirus (Covid-19) Pandemic, SSRN.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3566477"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Reimers, F., and Schleicher, A. (2020). Un Marco Para Guiar Una Respuesta Educativa a la Pandemia del 2020 del COVID-19, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.02.011","article-title":"Are children less susceptible to COVID-19?","volume":"53","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.5093\/clysa2020a14","article-title":"Las buenas pr\u00e1cticas en la atenci\u00f3n psicol\u00f3gica infanto-juvenil ante el COVID-19","volume":"31","author":"Espada","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cl\u00edn. Salud"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2020). WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"UNICEF (2020, November 10). Educacion y Aprendizaje. Available online: https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/mexico\/educaci%C3%B3n-yaprendizaje."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Ernst, C., and L\u00f3pez Mourelo, E. (2020). El COVID-19 y el Mundo del Trabajo en Argentina: Impacto y Respuestas de Pol\u00edtica, Nota T\u00e9cnica; OIT. Available online: https:\/\/n9.cl\/p4r6."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s40692-020-00169-2","article-title":"Immersive virtual reality as a pedagogical tool in education: A systematic literature review of quantitative learning outcomes and experimental design","volume":"8","author":"Hamilton","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Comput. Educ."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Rizzo, A.A. (1994, January 23\u201325). Virtual Reality applications for the cognitive rehabilitation of persons with traumatic head injuries. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Virtual Reality and Persons With Disabilities, Sardinia, Italy."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1521\/adhd.9.2.9.19077","article-title":"A Virtual Reality Environment for the Assessment of ADHD","volume":"9","author":"Rizzo","year":"2001","journal-title":"ADHD Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barba, M.C., Covino, A., de Luca, V., de Paolis, L.T., D\u2019Errico, G., di Bitonto, P., di Gestore, S., Magliaro, S., Nunnari, F., and Paladini, G.I. (2019). BRAVO: A gaming environment for the treatment of ADHD. International Conference on Augmented Reality, Virtual Reality and Computer Graphics, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-25965-5_30"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5713","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-020-01945-9","article-title":"Development of virtual reality rehabilitation games for children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"11","author":"Ou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ambient. Intell. Humaniz. Comput."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-78222-4","article-title":"Exploration of a novel virtual environment improves memory consolidation in ADHD","volume":"10","author":"Baumann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Avila-Pesantez, D., Rivera, L.A., Vaca-Cardenas, L., Aguayo, S., and Zu\u00f1iga, L. (2018, January 17\u201320). Towards the improvement of ADHD children through augmented reality serious games: Preliminary results. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/EDUCON.2018.8363318"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00829","article-title":"A Four-Step Method for the Development of an ADHD-VR Digital Game Diagnostic Tool Prototype for Children Using a DL Model","volume":"36","author":"Wiguna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054712453169","article-title":"The prevalence of ADHD: Its diagnosis and treatment in four school districts across two states","volume":"18","author":"Wolraich","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Atten. Disord."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2007.164.6.942","article-title":"The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: A systematic review and metaregression analysis","volume":"164","author":"Polanczyk","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"149","article-title":"Conocimientos, creencias y actitudes en padres mexicanos acerca del trastorno por d\u00e9ficit de atenci\u00f3n con hiperactividad (TDAH)","volume":"34","author":"Valderrama","year":"2011","journal-title":"Salud Mental."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"481","article-title":"Evoluci\u00f3n en la atenci\u00f3n, los estilos cognitivos y el control de la hiperactividad en ni\u00f1os y ni\u00f1as con diagn\u00f3stico de trastorno deficitario de atenci\u00f3n con hiperactividad (TDAH)","volume":"41","author":"Valencia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Latinoam. Psicol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM\u20135), APA Publishing.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pse.2015.12.002","article-title":"La elevada prevalencia del TDAH: Posibles causas y repercusiones socioeducativas","volume":"22","author":"Rivera","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psicol. Educ."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Barkley, R.A. (1997). ADHD and the Nature of Self-Control, Guilford Press."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Mill\u00e1n Restrepo, D. (2014). Habilidades Adaptativas y Estilos Cognitivos de Ni\u00f1os y Ni\u00f1as Diagnosticados con TDAH, Universidad de Manizales."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Benedet, M.J. (2002). Neuropsicologia cognitiva: Aplicaciones a la cl\u00ednica ya la investigaci\u00f3n. Fundamento Te\u00f3rico y Metodol\u00f3gico de la Neuropsicologia Cognitiva, Ministerio de Trabajo y Asuntos Sociales, Secretar\u00eda General de Asuntos Sociales, Instituto de Migraciones y Servicios Sociales (IMSERSO)."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Villar, I.O. (1998). D\u00e9ficit de Atenci\u00f3n con Hiperactividad: Manual Para Padres y Educadores, Ciencias de la Educaci\u00f3n Preescolar y Especial (CEPE)."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(2020, October 15). 74 Virtual Reality Statistics You Must Know in 2021\/2022: Adoption, Usage & Market Share. Available online: https:\/\/financesonline.com\/virtual-reality-statistics\/#adoption."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Sara Shirowzhan, F.M. (2013). An Investigation of Virtual Reality Technology Adoption in the Construction Industry. Smart Cities and Construction Technologies, Intech Open."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"304","article-title":"Brief introduction of virtual reality & its challenges","volume":"4","author":"Mandal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci. Eng. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1089\/109493102321018204","article-title":"Virtual reality and the person-environment experience","volume":"5","author":"Reid","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.02.023","article-title":"ClinicaVR: Classroom-CPT: A virtual reality tool for assessing attention and inhibition in children and adolescents","volume":"59","author":"Nolin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riener, R., and Harders, M. (2012). Virtual Reality in Medicine, Springer Science & Business Media.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-4011-5"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.1992.1.2.262","article-title":"Being there: The subjective experience of presence","volume":"1","author":"Heeter","year":"1992","journal-title":"Presence Teleoper. Virtual Environ."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Gothelf, J. (2013). Lean UX: Applying Lean Principles to Improve User Experience, O\u2019Reilly Media, Inc."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Benyon, D. (2019). Designing User Experience, Pearson."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Devy, N.P.I.R., Wibirama, S., and Santosa, P.I. (2017, January 15\u201316). Evaluating user experience of english learning interface using User Experience Questionnaire and System Usability Scale. Proceedings of the 2017 1st International Conference on Informatics and Computational Sciences (ICICoS), Semarang, Indonesia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICICOS.2017.8276345"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walsh, T., Varsaluoma, J., Kujala, S., Nurkka, P., Petrie, H., and Power, C. (2014, January 4\u20137). Axe UX: Exploring long-term user experience with iScale and AttrakDiff. Proceedings of the 18th International Academic Mindtrek Conference: Media Business, Management, Content & Services, Tampere, Finland.","DOI":"10.1145\/2676467.2676480"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"(2020, November 10). Diario Oficial de la Federaci\u00f3n, Acuerdo 02\/03\/20. Mexico. Available online: https:\/\/www.dof.gob.mx\/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5589479&fecha=16\/03\/2020."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"26","article-title":"Mapeo cerebral en ni\u00f1os con trastornos por d\u00e9ficit de atenci\u00f3n con hiperactividad o sin ella","volume":"16","author":"Roblejo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Medicentro"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-012-0131-z","article-title":"Clinical utility of EEG in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: A research update","volume":"9","author":"Loo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-014-0498-0","article-title":"Use of EEG to diagnose ADHD","volume":"16","author":"Lenartowicz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1964.19.2.463","article-title":"The Marianne Frostig developmental test of visual perception, 1963 standardization","volume":"19","author":"Maslow","year":"1964","journal-title":"Percept. Motor Skills"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Ju\u00e1rez, \u00c1.I.R., Gonz\u00e1les, A.K.L., and Concha, I.A.C. (2018). Evaluaci\u00f3n Institucional a Partir de los Indicadores del Sistema de Alerta Temprana, Universidad Autonoma de Tlaxcala."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alqithami, S., Alzahrani, M., Alzahrani, A., and Mustafa, A. (2019). AR-Therapist: Design and Simulation of an AR-Game Environment as a CBT for Patients with ADHD. Healthcare, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare7040146"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.3345\/kjp.2017.60.11.337","article-title":"The opportunities of virtual reality in the rehabilitation of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A literature review","volume":"60","author":"Bashiri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Korean J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Google LLC (2020, November 10). Google Cardboard 2020. Available online: https:\/\/arvr.google.com\/cardboard\/."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"125","article-title":"Google Cardboard: A virtual reality headset for $10?","volume":"53","author":"MacIsaac","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Teach."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"(2020, October 15). VIUR (Realidad Aumentada Para Educaci\u00f3n). Available online: https:\/\/viur.net\/."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Javier Palaz\u00f3n, S.V. (2020, October 15). EDUCACION 3.0. Available online: https:\/\/www.educaciontrespuntocero.com\/recursos\/apps-para-aprender-con-la-realidad-virtual-en-el-aula\/."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Patern\u00f2, F. (2004). ConcurTaskTrees: An engineered notation for task models. The Handbook of Task Analysis for Human-Computer Interaction, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schrepp, M., Hinderks, A., and Thomaschewski, J. (2014). Applying the user experience questionnaire (UEQ) in different evaluation scenarios. Int. Conf. Des. User Exp. Usabil., 383\u2013392.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-07668-3_37"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2929.2004.02012.x","article-title":"Likert scales: How to (ab) use them?","volume":"38","author":"Jamieson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med. Educ."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Google LLC (2020, September 04). Google Realtime Database 2020. Available online: https:\/\/console.firebase.google.com."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/11\/3787\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:09:01Z","timestamp":1760162941000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/11\/3787"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,30]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["s21113787"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21113787","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,30]]}}}