{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T15:21:54Z","timestamp":1778167314639,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,30]],"date-time":"2021-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622332800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The protraction and retraction angles of horse limbs are important in the analysis of horse locomotion. This study explored two methods from an IMU positioned on the canon bone of eight horses to estimate these angles. Each method was based on a hypothesis in order to define the moment corresponding with the verticality of the canon bone: (i) the canon bone is in a vertical position at 50% of the stance phase or (ii) the verticality of the canon bone corresponds with the moment when the horse\u2019s withers reach their lowest point. The measurements were carried out on a treadmill at a trot and compared with a standard gold method based on motion capture. For the measurement of the maximum protraction and retraction angles, method (i) had average biases (0.7\u00b0 and 1.7\u00b0) less than method (ii) (\u22121.3\u00b0 and 3.7\u00b0). For the measurement of the protraction and retraction angles during the stance phase, method (i) had average biases (4.1\u00b0 and \u22123.3\u00b0) higher to method (ii) (2.1\u00b0 and \u22121.3\u00b0). This study investigated the pros and cons of a generic method (i) vs. a specific method (ii) to determine the protraction and retraction angles of horse limbs by a single IMU.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21113792","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]],"date-time":"2021-05-31T03:45:29Z","timestamp":1622432729000},"page":"3792","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The Protraction and Retraction Angles of Horse Limbs: An Estimation during Trotting Using Inertial Sensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Marie","family":"Sapone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Technologie de Compi\u00e8gne, UMR CNRS 7338 BioM\u00e9canique et BioIng\u00e9nierie, Alliance Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, 60200 Compi\u00e8gne, France"},{"name":"Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d\u2019Alfort, USC INRAE-ENVA 957 BPLC, CWD-VetLab, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France"},{"name":"LIM France, Chemin Fontaine de Fanny, 24300 Nontron, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3571-4244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pauline","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d\u2019Alfort, USC INRAE-ENVA 957 BPLC, CWD-VetLab, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France"},{"name":"LIM France, Chemin Fontaine de Fanny, 24300 Nontron, France"}]},{"given":"Khalil","family":"Ben Mansour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Technologie de Compi\u00e8gne, UMR CNRS 7338 BioM\u00e9canique et BioIng\u00e9nierie, Alliance Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, 60200 Compi\u00e8gne, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1977-1521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henry","family":"Chateau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d\u2019Alfort, USC INRAE-ENVA 957 BPLC, CWD-VetLab, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0440-4849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Marin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Technologie de Compi\u00e8gne, UMR CNRS 7338 BioM\u00e9canique et BioIng\u00e9nierie, Alliance Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, 60200 Compi\u00e8gne, France"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(83)90107-0","article-title":"Bone stress in the horse forelimb during locomotion at different gaits: A comparison of two experimental methods","volume":"16","author":"Biewener","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. 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