{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:03:13Z","timestamp":1760234593886,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,30]],"date-time":"2021-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622332800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005992","name":"Ministry of Education and Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2019-107885GB-C33"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-107885GB-C33"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005992","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004085","name":"Ministry of Education, Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n AEI \/ 10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n AEI \/ 10.13039\/501100011033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004085","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002810","name":"Consell Catal\u00e0 de Recerca i Innovaci\u00f3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Catalan Research Group 2017 SGR 219"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Catalan Research Group 2017 SGR 219"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002810","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The current trend in vehicles is to integrate a wide number of antennae and sensors operating at a variety of frequencies for sensing and communications. The integration of these antennae and sensors in the vehicle platform is complex because of the way in which the antenna radiation patterns interact with the vehicle structure and other antennae\/sensors. Consequently, there is a need to study the radiation pattern of each antenna or, alternatively, the currents induced on the surface of the vehicle to optimize the integration of multiple antennae. The novel concept of differential imaging represents one method by which it is possible to obtain the surface current distribution without introducing any perturbing probe. The aim of this study was to develop and confirm the assumptions that underpin differential imaging by means of full-wave electromagnetic simulation, thereby providing additional verification of the concept. The simulation environment and parameters were selected to replicate the conditions in which real measurements were taken in previous studies. The simulations were performed using Ansys HFSS simulation software. The results confirm that the approximations are valid, and the differential currents are representative of the induced surface currents generated by a monopole positioned on the top of a vehicle.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21113796","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]],"date-time":"2021-05-31T03:45:29Z","timestamp":1622432729000},"page":"3796","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["On Differential Imaging Using Electromagnetic Simulation for Vehicular Antenna Signature Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8688-2136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose Antonio","family":"Solano-Perez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento Tecnolog\u00edas de la Informaci\u00f3n y las Comunicaciones, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, 30202 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8047-7655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda-Teresa","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Ingl\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Universitario de la Defensa, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Cartagena, Base A\u00e9rea de San Javier, Academia General del Aire, 30720 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6415-7363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose-Maria","family":"Molina-Garcia-Pardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento Tecnolog\u00edas de la Informaci\u00f3n y las Comunicaciones, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, 30202 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0197-5961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jordi","family":"Romeu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CommSenslab, Department of Signal Theory and Communications, School of Telecommunications Engineering, Technical University of Catalonia (Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, UPC) Campus Nord UPC, Edif, D-3 Jordi Girona, 1-3, 08034 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lluis","family":"Jofre-Roca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CommSenslab, Department of Signal Theory and Communications, School of Telecommunications Engineering, Technical University of Catalonia (Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, UPC) Campus Nord UPC, Edif, D-3 Jordi Girona, 1-3, 08034 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4395-9057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Ballesteros-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CommSenslab, Department of Signal Theory and Communications, School of Telecommunications Engineering, Technical University of Catalonia (Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, UPC) Campus Nord UPC, Edif, D-3 Jordi Girona, 1-3, 08034 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3298-6439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9-V\u00edctor","family":"Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento Tecnolog\u00edas de la Informaci\u00f3n y las Comunicaciones, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, 30202 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1943-686X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Mateo-Aroca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento Autom\u00e1tica, Ingenier\u00eda El\u00e9ctrica y Tecnolog\u00eda Electr\u00f3nica, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, 30202 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ra\u00fal","family":"Guzm\u00e1n-Quir\u00f3s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento Tecnolog\u00edas de la Informaci\u00f3n y las Comunicaciones, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, 30202 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tahir, M., and Katz, M. 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