{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T17:02:58Z","timestamp":1778173378861,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]],"date-time":"2021-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622419200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Ministero della Salute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Ricerca corrente"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Ricerca corrente"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In rehabilitation, the upper limb function is generally assessed using clinical scales and functional motor tests. Although the Box and Block Test (BBT) is commonly used for its simplicity and ease of execution, it does not provide a quantitative measure of movement quality. This study proposes the integration of an ecological Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) system for analysis of the upper body kinematics during the execution of a targeted version of BBT, by able-bodied persons with subjects with Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD). Joint angle parameters (mean angle and range of execution) and hand trajectory kinematic indices (mean velocity, mean acceleration, and dimensionless jerk) were calculated from the data acquired by a network of seven IMUs. The sensors were applied on the trunk, head, and upper limb in order to characterize the motor strategy used during the execution of BBT. Statistics revealed significant differences (p &lt; 0.05) between the two groups, showing compensatory strategies in subjects with PD. The proposed IMU-based targeted BBT protocol allows to assess the upper limb function during manual dexterity tasks and could be used in the future for assessing the efficacy of rehabilitative treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21113823","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]],"date-time":"2021-05-31T23:33:33Z","timestamp":1622504013000},"page":"3823","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Sensor Network for Analyzing Upper Body Strategies in Parkinson\u2019s Disease versus Normative Kinematic Patterns"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2441-135X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Romano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00166 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8749-2236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanaz","family":"Pournajaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00166 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6037-2960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Ottaviani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00166 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2472-2011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annalisa","family":"Gison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00166 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5570-8490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Infarinato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00166 Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Mantoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00166 Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Maria Francesca","family":"De Pandis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Raffaele Cassino, 03043 Cassino, Italy"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Franceschini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00166 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele University, 00166 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2651-8479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michela","family":"Goffredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00166 Rome, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"An overview of systematic reviews on upper extremity outcome measures after stroke","volume":"15","author":"Murphy","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Neurol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1191\/0269215505cr832oa","article-title":"Reliability and validity of arm function assessment with standardized guidelines for the Fugl-Meyer Test., Action Research Arm Test. and Box and Block Test.: A multicentre study","volume":"19","author":"Platz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. 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