{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]],"date-time":"2026-01-04T02:48:46Z","timestamp":1767494926249,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003093","name":"Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AKU 254: HICoE (Fasa II) \u2018MEMS for Biomedical Devices 617 (artificial kidney)'"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AKU 254: HICoE (Fasa II) \u2018MEMS for Biomedical Devices 617 (artificial kidney)'"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003093","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The race towards the development of user-friendly, portable, fast-detection, and low-cost devices for healthcare systems has become the focus of effective screening efforts since the pandemic attack in December 2019, which is known as the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Currently existing techniques such as RT-PCR, antigen\u2013antibody-based detection, and CT scans are prompt solutions for diagnosing infected patients. However, the limitations of currently available indicators have enticed researchers to search for adjunct or additional solutions for COVID-19 diagnosis. Meanwhile, identifying biomarkers or indicators is necessary for understanding the severity of the disease and aids in developing efficient drugs and vaccines. Therefore, clinical studies on infected patients revealed that infection-mediated clinical biomarkers, especially pro-inflammatory cytokines and acute phase proteins, are highly associated with COVID-19. These biomarkers are undermined or overlooked in the context of diagnosis and prognosis evaluation of infected patients. Hence, this review discusses the potential implementation of these biomarkers for COVID-19 electrical biosensing platforms. The secretion range for each biomarker is reviewed based on clinical studies. Currently available electrical biosensors comprising electrochemical and electronic biosensors associated with these biomarkers are discussed, and insights into the use of infection-mediated clinical biomarkers as prognostic and adjunct diagnostic indicators in developing an electrical-based COVID-19 biosensor are provided.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21113829","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T23:07:03Z","timestamp":1622588823000},"page":"3829","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Infection-Mediated Clinical Biomarkers for a COVID-19 Electrical Biosensing Platform"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3843-2784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reena Sri","family":"Selvarajan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics (IMEN), National University of Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Malaysia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8347-4687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Subash C. B.","family":"Gopinath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), University Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar 01000, Malaysia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7839-1246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noraziah Mohamad","family":"Zin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Diagnostic, Therapeutic and Investigative Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, National University of Malaysia (UKM), Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8916-4420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Azrul Azlan","family":"Hamzah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics (IMEN), National University of Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Malaysia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2020.112431","article-title":"Ultrasensitive detection of pathogenic viruses with electrochemical biosensor: State of the art","volume":"166","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biosens. 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