{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T17:55:17Z","timestamp":1777658117124,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,4]],"date-time":"2021-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2019YFC1509501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFC1509501"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["91736207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["91736207"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["U1939207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1939207"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>For many years, seismological research mainly focuses on translational ground motions due to the lack of appropriate sensors. However, because of the development of devices based on Sagnac effect, measuring rotational waves directly comes available. In this work, a portable three-component broadband rotational seismometer named RotSensor3C based on open loop interferometric fiber optic gyroscope (IFOG) is designed and demonstrated. Laboratory tests and results are illustrated in detail. The self-noise ranging from 0.005 Hz to 125 Hz is about 1.2\u00d710\u22127rads\u22121\/Hz, and with the harmonics compensation the scale factor variation over \u00b1250\u2218\/s is lower than 10 ppm (parts per million). The misalignment matrix method is adopted to revise the output rotation rate. In a special near field experiment using the explosive source, the back-azimuths and phase velocity are estimated by the recorded acceleration and rotation rate. All the results prove the practicability of this new rotational sensor.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21113899","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]],"date-time":"2021-06-07T01:56:40Z","timestamp":1623031000000},"page":"3899","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["The Development of a New IFOG-Based 3C Rotational Seismometer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5229-0551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuwen","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1207-4635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanjun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Software and Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 102600, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chunxia","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lanxin","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dingfan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yujia","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geophysics, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weiyi","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhengbin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cochard, A., Igel, H., Schuberth, B., Suryanto, W., Velikoseltsev, A., Schreiber, U., Wassermann, J., Scherbaum, F., and Vollmer, D. (2006). Rotational motions in seismology: Theory, observation, simulation. Earthquake Source Asymmetry, Structural Media and Rotation Effects, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-31337-0_30"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1785\/gssrl.80.3.479","article-title":"Recent advances in rotational seismology","volume":"80","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Seismol. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Pham, N.D. (2009). Rotational Motions in Seismology: Theory, Observation, Modeling. [Ph.D. Thesis, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen]."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gu\u00e9guen, P., Guattari, F., Aubert, C., and Laudat, T. (2021). Comparing Direct Observation of Torsion with Array-Derived Rotation in Civil Engineering Structures. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21010142"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soildyn.2018.10.026","article-title":"Engineering analysis of strong ground rocking and its effect on tall structures","volume":"116","author":"Zembaty","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gu\u00e9guen, P., and Astorga, A. (2021). The torsional response of civil engineering structures during earthquake from an observational point of view. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21020342"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sollberger, D., Igel, H., Schmelzbach, C., Edme, P., van Manen, D.J., Bernauer, F., Yuan, S., Wassermann, J., Schreiber, U., and Robertsson, J.O. (2020). Seismological Processing of Six Degree-of-Freedom Ground-Motion Data. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20236904"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.2006.03146.x","article-title":"Broad-band observations of earthquake-induced rotational ground motions","volume":"168","author":"Igel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Huang, B., Liu, C., Lin, C., Wu, C., and Lee, W. (2006, January 14). Measuring mid-and near-field rotational ground motions in Taiwan. Presented at the 2006 Fall AGU Meeting, San Francisco, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1785\/0120080156","article-title":"Observing rotational and translational ground motions at the HGSD station in Taiwan from 2007 to 2008","volume":"99","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5459","DOI":"10.3390\/s140305459","article-title":"Fibre optic system for monitoring rotational seismic phenomena","volume":"14","author":"Kurzych","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1007\/s10950-012-9282-y","article-title":"On the application of fiber optic gyroscopes for detection of seismic rotations","volume":"16","author":"Velikoseltsev","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Seismol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1785\/0220170143","article-title":"BlueSeis3A: Full characterization of a 3C broadband rotational seismometer","volume":"89","author":"Bernauer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Seismol. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaroszewicz, L.R., Kurzych, A., Krajewski, Z., Mar\u0107, P., Kowalski, J.K., Bobra, P., Zembaty, Z., Sakowicz, B., and Jankowski, R. (2016). Review of the usefulness of various rotational seismometers with laboratory results of fibre-optic ones tested for engineering applications. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16122161"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.39.475","article-title":"Sagnac effect","volume":"39","author":"Post","year":"1967","journal-title":"Rev. Mod. Phys."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.15.001099","article-title":"Fiber ring interferometer","volume":"15","author":"Vali","year":"1976","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14121","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.27.014121","article-title":"Thermal phase noise in giant interferometric fiber optic gyroscopes","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1109\/PROC.1966.4634","article-title":"Statistics of atomic frequency standards","volume":"54","author":"Allan","year":"1966","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"140","article-title":"Analysis and modeling of inertial sensors using Allan variance","volume":"57","author":"Hou","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Lefevre, H.C. (2014). The Fiber-Optic Gyroscope, Artech House."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1049\/el:19830677","article-title":"Direct rotation-rate detection with a fibre-optic gyro by using digital data processing","volume":"19","author":"Marten","year":"1983","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5849","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.34.005849","article-title":"Digital signal processing for an open-loop fiber-optic gyroscope","volume":"34","author":"Gronau","year":"1995","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"52","article-title":"Calibration method for angle speed sensor based on single-axis rate turntable","volume":"33","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transducer Microsyst. Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.3103\/S0747923921020262","article-title":"Rotational Seismology: Review of Achievements and Outlooks","volume":"57","author":"Kislov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Seism. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1785\/0120190277","article-title":"Six Degree-of-Freedom Broadband Ground-Motion Observations with Portable Sensors: Validation, Local Earthquakes, and Signal Processing","volume":"110","author":"Yuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1785\/0120060004","article-title":"First comparison of array-derived rotational ground motions with direct ring laser measurements","volume":"96","author":"Suryanto","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, C.J., Huang, H.P., Pham, N.D., Liu, C.C., Chi, W.C., and Lee, W.H. (2011). Rotational motions for teleseismic surface waves. Geophys. Res. Lett., 38.","DOI":"10.1029\/2011GL047959"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34717","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.409377","article-title":"Sensitivity enhancement through RIN suppression in dual-polarization fiber optic gyroscopes for rotational seismology","volume":"28","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26747","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.25.026747","article-title":"Compensation of thermal strain induced polarization nonreciprocity in dual-polarization fiber optic gyroscope","volume":"25","author":"Luo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2017.03.030","article-title":"Drift suppression in a dual-polarization fiber optic gyroscope caused by the Faraday effect","volume":"394","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Aki, K., and Richards, P.G. (2002). Quantitative Seismology, University Science Book."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Igel, H., Schreiber, U., Flaws, A., Schuberth, B., Velikoseltsev, A., and Cochard, A. (2005). Rotational motions induced by the M8. 1 Tokachi-oki earthquake, September 25, 2003. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32.","DOI":"10.1029\/2004GL022336"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/11\/3899\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:11:07Z","timestamp":1760163067000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/11\/3899"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,4]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["s21113899"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21113899","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,4]]}}}