{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T01:31:33Z","timestamp":1770514293855,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]],"date-time":"2021-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CCAN Enterprise Ireland and Aerogen Ltd. Ireland","award":["CCAN-2014-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CCAN-2014-05"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The emergence of specific drug\u2013device combination products in the inhalable pharmaceutical industry demands more sophistication of device functionality in the form of an embedded sensing platform to increase patient safety and extend patent coverage. Controlling the nebuliser function at a miniaturised, integrated electrochemical sensing platform with rapid response time and supporting novel algorithms could deliver such a technology offering. Development of a nanoporous gold (NPG) electrochemical sensor capable of creating a unique fingerprint signal generated by inhalable pharmaceuticals provided the impetus for our study of the electrooxidation of salbutamol, which is the active bronchodilatory ingredient in VentolinTM formulations. It was demonstrated that, at NPG-modified microdisc electrode arrays, salbutamol is distinguishable from the chloride excipient present at 0.0154 M using linear sweep voltammetry and can be detected amperometrically. In contrast, bare gold microdisc electrode arrays cannot afford such discrimination, as the potential for salbutamol oxidation and chloride adsorption reactions overlap. The discriminative power of NPG originates from the nanoconfinement effect for chloride in the internal pores of NPG, which selectively enhances the electron transfer kinetics of this more sluggish reaction relative to that of the faster, diffusion-controlled salbutamol oxidation. Sensing was performed at a fully integrated three-electrode cell-on-chip using Pt as a quasi-reference electrode.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21123975","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]],"date-time":"2021-06-09T14:16:04Z","timestamp":1623248164000},"page":"3975","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Electrochemical Discrimination of Salbutamol from Its Excipients in VentolinTM at Nanoporous Gold Microdisc Arrays"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Lorraine C.","family":"Nagle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tyndall National Institute, Lee Maltings Complex, University College Cork, T12 R5CP Cork, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amelie","family":"Wahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tyndall National Institute, Lee Maltings Complex, University College Cork, T12 R5CP Cork, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vladimir","family":"Ogourstov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tyndall National Institute, Lee Maltings Complex, University College Cork, T12 R5CP Cork, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Seymour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tyndall National Institute, Lee Maltings Complex, University College Cork, T12 R5CP Cork, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fiona","family":"Barry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tyndall National Institute, Lee Maltings Complex, University College Cork, T12 R5CP Cork, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0415-1140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James F.","family":"Rohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tyndall National Institute, Lee Maltings Complex, University College Cork, T12 R5CP Cork, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3164-1607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronan","family":"Mac Loughlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development, Science and Emerging Technologies, Aerogen Ltd. Galway Business Park, Dangan, H91 EH6C Galway, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"61928","article-title":"A sensitive voltammetric sensor for salbutamol based on MWNTs composite nano-Au film modified electrode","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Caiyun, L., and Long, W. (2011). Research on determination of clenbuterol and salbutamol in pork by SPE-HPLC. Int. Conf. New Technol. Agric., 1024\u20131026."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"481","article-title":"Determination of plasma salbutamol concentrations after nebulization in a pediatric emergency department","volume":"83","author":"Rotta","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fuentes, A.V., Pineda, M.D., and Nagulapalli-Venkata, K.C. (2018). 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