{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T16:51:15Z","timestamp":1773939075503,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]],"date-time":"2021-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004488","name":"Hrvatska Zaklada za Znanost","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IP-11-2013-6198"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IP-11-2013-6198"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004488","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004488","name":"Hrvatska Zaklada za Znanost","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IP-2018-1-9753"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IP-2018-1-9753"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004488","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Moisture causes detuning and increased losses in textile antennas, and it affects resonant and wideband textile antennas differently. In this work, we studied the effect of moisture on a resonant textile planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) and a wideband textile monopole antenna. Both antennas were manufactured by embroidering conductive yarn in denim textile. The input reflection coefficient, antenna gain, and gain patterns were measured on both antennas for different moisture contents. The results show that wideband antennas are less affected by moisture in comparison with resonant antennas. For communications applications, large moisture content in the textile antenna should be avoided; therefore a flexible, textile-based waterproofing antenna cover was proposed, manufactured, and tested. On the other hand, the effect of antenna detuning by moisture can be used for moisture-sensing application. This concept was demonstrated on the resonant textile PIFA in transmission and reflection setups, showing that the reflection setup gives better results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21123988","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]],"date-time":"2021-06-09T14:16:04Z","timestamp":1623248164000},"page":"3988","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Embroidered Textile Antennas: Influence of Moisture in Communication and Sensor Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9845-9607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davor","family":"Bonefa\u010di\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, Unska 3, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9003-0198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juraj","family":"Bartoli\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, Unska 3, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Hall, P.S., and Hao, Y. (2012). Antennas and Propagation for Body-Centric Wireless Communications, Artech House. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1177\/0040517509105696","article-title":"Influence of relative humidity on textile antenna performance","volume":"80","author":"Hertleer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Text. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2013.2297698","article-title":"Considerations on embroidered textile antennas for wearable applications","volume":"12","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Iv\u0161i\u0107, B. (2013). Textile Antennas for Body-Centric Communication Systems. [Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing]."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"(2021, March 20). Dassault Syst\u00e8mes: CST Studio Suite-Electromagnetic Field Simulation Software. 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(2019, January 13\u201315). Wideband Textile Planar Monopole Antenna. Proceedings of the 1st Microwave Conference in Central Europe (EuMCE), Prague, Czech Republic."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iv\u0161i\u0107, B., Golemac, G., and Bonefa\u010di\u0107, D. (2013, January 14\u201316). Performance of Wearable Antenna Exposed to Adverse Environmental Conditions. Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Applied Electromagnetics and Communications (ICECom 2013), Dubrovnik, Croatia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICECom.2013.6684727"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonefa\u010di\u0107, D. (2020, January 15\u201320). Textile Antenna as Moisture Sensor. Proceedings of the 14th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP 2020), Copenhagen, Denmark.","DOI":"10.23919\/EuCAP48036.2020.9135847"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/12\/3988\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:12:33Z","timestamp":1760163153000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/12\/3988"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["s21123988"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21123988","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]]}}}