{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:06:48Z","timestamp":1760234808144,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,12]],"date-time":"2021-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51875181","12002123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51875181","12002123"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004735","name":"Natural Science Foundation of\u00a0Hunan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020JJ5079"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020JJ5079"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004735","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011219","name":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32065011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32065011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011219","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vehicle parameters are essential for dynamic analysis and control systems. One problem of the current estimation algorithm for vehicles\u2019 parameters is that: real-time estimation methods only identify parts of vehicle parameters, whereas other parameters such as suspension damping coefficients and suspension and tire stiffnesses are assumed to be known in advance by means of an inertial parameter measurement device (IPMD). In this study, a fusion algorithm is proposed for identifying comprehensive vehicle parameters without the help of an IPMD, and vehicle parameters are divided into time-independent parameters (TIPs) and time-dependent parameters (TDPs) based on whether they change over time. TIPs are identified by a hybrid-mass state-variable (HMSV). A dual unscented Kalman filter (DUKF) is applied to update both TDPs and online states. The experiment is conducted on a real two-axle vehicle and the test data are used to estimate both TIPs and TDPs to validate the accuracy of the proposed algorithm. Numerical simulations are performed to further investigate the algorithm\u2019s performance in terms of sprung mass variation, model error because of linearization and various road conditions. The results from both the experiment and simulation show that the proposed algorithm can estimate TIPs as well as update TDPs and online states with high accuracy and quick convergence, and no requirement of road information.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21124068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]],"date-time":"2021-06-14T22:25:46Z","timestamp":1623709546000},"page":"4068","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A Fusion Algorithm for Estimating Time-Independent\/-Dependent Parameters and States"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9939-8885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zheshuo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China"}]},{"given":"Jiawen","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China"}]},{"given":"Bangji","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China"}]},{"given":"Hengmin","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shokravi, H., Shokravi, H., Bakhary, N., Heidarrezaei, M., Rahimian Koloor, S.S., and Petr\u016f, M. 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