{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T20:46:23Z","timestamp":1778705183061,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]],"date-time":"2021-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the Ring Laser Gyro Inertial Navigation System (RLG INS), the temperature characteristics of the accelerometer can directly influence the measurement results. In order to improve navigation accuracy in long-endurance marine navigation, the operating temperature of the accelerometer should be precisely controlled. Based on thermal studies on the accelerometer, temperature control precision should be better than 0.01 \u00b0C to achieve 1 \u00d7 10\u22125 m\/s2 output accuracy of the accelerometer. However, this conclusion is obtained by approximate calculations and cannot be directly applied to different inertial navigation systems. In order to verify this thermal conclusion and broaden its application, the Back Propagation Neural Network (BP-NN) algorithm is adopted to validate the feasibility of temperature control in this paper. In addition, a multi-level temperature control system is also set up and carefully designed to support the validation and experiments under different conditions. Test results of the temperature control system prove that operating temperature variation can be reduced to 0.01 \u00b0C. Meanwhile, the standard deviation per hundred seconds of the accelerometer outputs, after temperature control, reaches 1 \u00d7 10\u22125 m\/s2. Static altitude and navigation results were improved by 41.97% and 62.91%, respectively, with the precision temperature control system, which meets the long-endurance marine navigation requirements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21124119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]],"date-time":"2021-06-15T21:24:29Z","timestamp":1623792269000},"page":"4119","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Precision Temperature Control for the Laser Gyro Inertial Navigation System in Long-Endurance Marine Navigation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Zhenyu","family":"Xiong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guo","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chunfeng","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xingwu","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1119\/1.3081061","article-title":"An introduction to inertial navigation","volume":"77","author":"Baird","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.2322\/tjsass.62.125","article-title":"Enhancement of GPS\/INS Navigation System Observability Using a Triaxial Magnetometer","volume":"62","author":"Heekwon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trans. Jpn. Soc. Aeronaut. Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1134\/S0005117911040175","article-title":"High-precision algorithmic compensation of temperature instability of accelerometer\u2019s scaling factor","volume":"72","author":"Alaluev","year":"2011","journal-title":"Autom. Remote Control"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-020-01369-5","article-title":"Impact of temperature stabilization on the strapdown airborne gravimetry: A case study in Central Turkey","volume":"94","author":"Simav","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geod."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"27765","article-title":"A new system for detection of thermoluminescence and delayed luminescence from photosynthetic apparatus with precise temperature control","volume":"277","author":"Takumi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Spectrosc. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daigo, Y., Watanabe, T., Ishiguro, A., Ishii, S., Kushibe, M., and Moriyama, Y. (2020, January 15\u201316). Impact of precise temperature control for 4H-SiC epitaxy on large diameter wafers. Proceedings of the 2020 International Symposium on Semiconductor Manufacturing (ISSM), Tokyo, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSM51728.2020.9377514"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1039\/C9LC00107G","article-title":"A microfluidic platform with cell-scale precise temperature control for simultaneous investigation of the osmotic responses of multiple oocytes","volume":"19","author":"Lei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"053902","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.103.053902","article-title":"Magnetooptical control of light collapse in bulk Kerr media","volume":"103","author":"Linzon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lloyd-Hart, M. (1990). System for precise temperature sensing and thermal control of borosilicate honeycomb mirrors during polishing and testing. Int. Soc. Opt. Photonics.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.19249"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Oliver, J.W. (2007). An Introduction to Inertial Navigation, University of Cambridge. UCAM-CL-TR-696."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Titterton, D.H., and Weston, J. (2004). Strapdown Inertial Navigation Technology, Institution of Electrical Engineers.","DOI":"10.1049\/PBRA017E"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1134\/S2075108710010086","article-title":"Mathematical model of a micromechanical accelerometer with temperature influences, dynamic effects, and the thermoelastic stress-strain state taken into account","volume":"1","author":"Barulina","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gyroscopy Navig."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Hong, W.S., Lee, K.S., Paik, B.S., Han, J.Y., and Son, S.H. (2008, January 9\u201313). The compensation method for thermal bias of ring laser gyro. Proceedings of the LEOS 2008 - 21st Annual Meeting of the IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Society, Newport Beach, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1134\/S2075108714030031","article-title":"Hierarchical thermal models of FOG-based strapdown inertial navigation system","volume":"5","author":"Dzhashitov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gyroscopy Navig."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1007\/s11633-015-0899-5","article-title":"Temperature characteristics and error compensation for quartz flexible accelerometer","volume":"12","author":"Gao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Autom. Comput."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2018.12.001","article-title":"Research on temperature characteristic of parasitic capacitance in MEMS capacitive accelerometer","volume":"285","author":"Dong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Li, J.L. (2010, January 7\u20139). Study and implementation of the precise temperature control used in airborne gravimetry. Proceedings of the 2010 8th World Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation, Jinan, China."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Lee, K.I., Takao, H., and Sawada, K. (2003, January 23). A three-axis accelerometer for high temperatures with low temperature dependence using a constant temperature control of SOI piezoresistors. Proceedings of the The Sixteenth Annual International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems, Kyoto, Japan."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"29","article-title":"Research on High-Accuracy Temperature Control for Airborne\/Marine Gravimeter Based on Inertial Stabilized Platform","volume":"4","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Navig. Position. Timing"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"35","article-title":"A performance analysis and precise temperature control of accelerometers for airborne gravimetry","volume":"1","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. Conf. Electron. Meas. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29984","DOI":"10.3390\/s151229781","article-title":"Optimized Design of the SGA-WZ Strapdown Airborne Gravimeter Temperature Control System","volume":"15","author":"Cao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2020.112393","article-title":"Temperature compensation for MEMS resonant accelerometer based on genetic algorithm optimized backpropagation neural network","volume":"316","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1996.8.2.451","article-title":"The Interchangeability of Learning Rate and Gain in Backpropagation Neural Networks","volume":"8","author":"Thimm","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neural Comput."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Valdovinos, L.G., Fonseca-Navarro, F., Aizpuru-Zinkunegi, J., Salgado-Jim\u00e9nez, T., G\u00f3mez-Espinosa, A., and Cruz-Ledesma, J.A. (2019). Neuro-Sliding Control for Underwater ROV\u2019s Subject to Unknown Disturbances. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19132943"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, M., Pang, L., Xiao, Z., and Shen, C. (2019). Temperature Drift Compensation for High-G MEMS Accelerometer Based on RBF NN Improved Method. Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9040695"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/12\/4119\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:16:25Z","timestamp":1760163385000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/12\/4119"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["s21124119"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21124119","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]]}}}