{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T13:44:35Z","timestamp":1761745475497,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,18]],"date-time":"2021-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper studies the cell-edge user\u2019s performance of a secure multiple-input single-output non-orthogonal multiple-access (MISO-NOMA) system under the Rayleigh fading channel in the presence of an eavesdropper. We suppose a worst-case scenario that an eavesdropper has ideal user detection ability. In particular, we suggest an optimization-based beamforming scheme with MISO-NOMA to improve the security and outage probability of a cell-edge user while maintaining the quality of service of the near-user and degrading the performance of the eavesdropper. To this end, power allocation coefficients are adjusted with the help of target data rates of both the users by utilizing a simultaneous wireless information and power transfer with time switching\/power splitting protocol, where the near-user is used to forward the information to cell-edge user. The analytical results demonstrate that our beamformer analysis can achieve reduced outage probability of cell-edge user in the presence of the eavesdropper. Moreover, the provided simulation results validate our theoretical analysis and show that our approach improves the overall performance of a two-user cooperative MISO-NOMA system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21124180","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,18]],"date-time":"2021-06-18T11:19:20Z","timestamp":1624015160000},"page":"4180","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Performance Analysis and Beamforming Design of a Secure Cooperative MISO-NOMA Network"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6101-4025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mujtaba","family":"Ghous","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Telecommunication and Networking (TeleCoN) Research Center, GIK Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi 23640, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4466-0089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ziaul Haq","family":"Abbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, GIK Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi 23640, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8048-6853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad Kamal","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, GIK Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi 23640, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3836-1373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ghulam","family":"Abbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computer Sciences and Engineering, GIK Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi 23640, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5166-4873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thar","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9170-0568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dhiya","family":"Al-Jumeily","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Mathematics, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1309","article-title":"Spectral efficiency (SE) enhancement of NOMA system through iterative power assignment","volume":"72","author":"Khamis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Wirel. Netw."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1978","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2021.3053093","article-title":"Achieving Reliable and Secure Communications in Wireless-Powered NOMA Systems","volume":"70","author":"Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. 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