{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T16:13:23Z","timestamp":1781021603875,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,22]],"date-time":"2021-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R43HD101175-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R43HD101175-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper reviews recent advances in non-invasive blood pressure monitoring and highlights the added value of a novel algorithm-based blood pressure sensor which uses machine-learning techniques to extract blood pressure values from the shape of the pulse waveform. We report results from preliminary studies on a range of patient populations and discuss the accuracy and limitations of this capacitive-based technology and its potential application in hospitals and communities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21134273","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,22]],"date-time":"2021-06-22T22:10:59Z","timestamp":1624399859000},"page":"4273","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Advances in Non-Invasive Blood Pressure Monitoring"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Xina","family":"Quan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"PyrAmes Inc., Cupertino, CA 95014, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junjun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PyrAmes Inc., Cupertino, CA 95014, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Roxlo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PyrAmes Inc., Cupertino, CA 95014, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siddharth","family":"Siddharth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PyrAmes Inc., Cupertino, CA 95014, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weyland","family":"Leong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PyrAmes Inc., Cupertino, CA 95014, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arthur","family":"Muir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PyrAmes Inc., Cupertino, CA 95014, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"So-Min","family":"Cheong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography & Atmospheric Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anoop","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Neonatology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.032582","article-title":"Potential US population impact of the 2017 ACC\/AHA high blood pressure guideline","volume":"137","author":"Muntner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000002798","article-title":"The Association of ICU with Outcomes of Patients at Low Risk of Dying","volume":"46","author":"Vranas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Halpern, N. (2021, May 24). Critical Care Statistics. Available online: https:\/\/www.sccm.org\/Communications\/Critical-Care-Statistics."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"CDC (2021, May 24). National Center for Health Statistics. Emergency Department Visits, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/fastats\/emergency-department.htm."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.13194","article-title":"Emergency department vital signs and outcomes after discharge","volume":"24","author":"Gabayan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acad. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.17140\/SROJ-4-e003","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury: An update","volume":"4","author":"Zakaria","year":"2017","journal-title":"Surg. Res. Open J."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"54","article-title":"The ABCs of TBI. Evidence-based guidelines for adult traumatic brain injury care","volume":"35","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Emerg. Med. Serv."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e3181db05dc","article-title":"Just one drop: The significance of a single hypotensive blood pressure reading during trauma resuscitations","volume":"1","author":"Seamon","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Trauma Acute Care Surg."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2017.03.027","article-title":"Association of out-of-hospital hypotension depth and duration with traumatic brain injury mortality","volume":"70","author":"Spaite","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2016.4686","article-title":"Mortality and prehospital blood pressure in patients with major traumatic brain injury: Implications for the hypotension threshold","volume":"152","author":"Spaite","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Surg."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-016-1354-x","article-title":"The accuracy of blood pressure measured by arterial line and non-invasive cuff in critically ill children","volume":"20","author":"Joffe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aes193","article-title":"Difficult arterial cannulation in children: Is a near-infrared vascular imaging system the answer?","volume":"109","author":"Cuper","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Raising Children Network (Australia) Ltd. (2021, May 21). Your Premature Baby\u2019s Appearance. Available online: https:\/\/raisingchildren.net.au\/newborns\/premature-babies\/development\/premature-appearance."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"CD011364","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided arterial cannulation for paediatrics","volume":"9","author":"Raphael","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2004.01522.x","article-title":"Catheterization of the radial or brachial artery in neonates and infants","volume":"15","author":"Schindler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr. Anesth."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"CDC (2021, May 25). High Blood Pressure. Facts About Hypertension, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/bloodpressure\/facts.htm."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F241","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2007.124263","article-title":"Permissive hypotension in the extremely low birthweight infant with signs of good perfusion","volume":"94","author":"Dempsey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.12411","article-title":"Evaluation of the impact of implementing the emergency medical services traumatic brain injury guidelines in Arizona: The Excellence in Prehospital Injury Care (EPIC) study methodology","volume":"21","author":"Spaite","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acad. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"412","article-title":"How to manage blood pressure after brain injury?","volume":"83","author":"Carteron","year":"2016","journal-title":"Minerva Anestesiol."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"366","article-title":"Secondary brain insults after head injury: Clinical perspectives","volume":"3","author":"Chesnut","year":"1995","journal-title":"New Horiz."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Fortunato, J. Personal communication."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2103","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1511939","article-title":"A randomized trial of intensive versus standard blood-pressure control","volume":"373","author":"Wright","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prospective Studies Collaboration (2002). Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: A meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet, 360, 1903\u20131913.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11911-8"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2019). Hypertension Cascade: Hypertension Prevalence, Treatment and Control Estimates Among US Adults Aged 18 Years and Older Applying the Criteria From the American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association\u2019s 2017 Hypertension Guideline\u2014NHANES 2013\u20132016 External Icon, US Department of Health and Human Services."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"CDC Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention (2021, May 21). National Hypertension Control Roundtable, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/dhdsp\/programs\/hypertension-roundtable.htm."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.107607","article-title":"Placental origins of preeclampsia: Challenging the current hypothesis","volume":"51","author":"Huppertz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2011.09.011","article-title":"Maternal mortality from preeclampsia\/eclampsia","volume":"36","author":"Ghulmiyyah","year":"2012","journal-title":"Semin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2018, June 08). High Blood Pressure in The United States, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/dhdsp\/data_statistics\/fact_sheets\/fs_bloodpressure.htm."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.4330\/wjc.v4.i5.135","article-title":"Hypertension in the elderly","volume":"4","author":"Lionakis","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"437","article-title":"Blood pressure treatment adherence and control after participation in the ReHOT","volume":"107","author":"Jesus","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jash.2017.06.012","article-title":"Barriers to conducting ambulatory and home blood pressure monitoring during hypertension screening in the United States","volume":"11","author":"Kronish","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Castellano, P., Lurato, J., Howell, C., and Edwards, M. (2019, December 21). Top 5 Considerations for Implementing ABPM in Clinical Trials Med Device Online. Available online: https:\/\/www.ert.com\/blog\/top-5-considerations-for-implementing-abpm-in-clinical-trials\/."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s11684-013-0239-5","article-title":"Non-invasive continuous blood pressure monitoring: A review of current applications","volume":"7","author":"Chung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2368","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra060433","article-title":"Ambulatory blood-pressure monitoring","volume":"354","author":"Pickering","year":"2006","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1712231","article-title":"Relationship between Clinic and Ambulatory Blood-Pressure Measurements and Mortality","volume":"378","author":"Banegas","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afm193","article-title":"The value of ambulatory blood pressure in older adults: The Dublin outcome study","volume":"37","author":"Burr","year":"2008","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Oropello, J.M., Pastores, S.M., and Kvetan, V. (2016). Arterial Line Monitoring and Placement. Critical Care, McGraw-Hill. Available online: https:\/\/accessmedicine.mhmedical.com\/content.aspx?bookid=1944&sectionid=143522170."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e391","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0b013e3182230f43","article-title":"Which pressure to believe? A comparison of direct arterial with indirect blood pressure measurement techniques in the pediatric intensive care unit","volume":"12","author":"Holt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatric Crit. Care Med. Soc. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e3181bbd416","article-title":"Radial artery cannulation: A comprehensive review of recent anatomic and physiologic investigations","volume":"109","author":"Brzezinski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2009.73","article-title":"Complications of umbilical artery catheterization in a model of extreme prematurity","volume":"29","author":"McAdams","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000000967","article-title":"Surgical and Patient Risk Factors for Severe Arterial Line Complications in Adults","volume":"124","author":"Nuttall","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1136\/neurintsurg-2018-013769","article-title":"Comparison of a pressure-sensing sheath and radial arterial line for intraoperative blood pressure monitoring in neurointerventional procedures","volume":"10","author":"Froehler","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurointerv. Surg."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2011.04271.x","article-title":"Incidence and predictors of indwelling arterial catheter-related thrombosis in children","volume":"9","author":"Brotschi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jp.7210870","article-title":"Resolution of Peripheral Artery Catheter-induced Ischemic Injury Following Prolonged Treatment with Topical Nitroglycerin Ointment in a Newborn: A Case Report","volume":"23","author":"Vasquez","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000003594","article-title":"Major Short-term Complications of Arterial Cannulation for Monitoring in Children","volume":"134","author":"Gleich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1991.02160090089031","article-title":"Arterial Catheter\u2014Related Infections in Children A 1-Year Cohort Analysis: A 1-Year Cohort Analysis","volume":"145","author":"Furfaro","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.2147\/VHRM.S4274","article-title":"Thrombosis in the critically ill neonate: Incidence, diagnosis, and management","volume":"4","author":"Veldman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vasc. Health Risk Manag."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-199002000-00005","article-title":"Pediatric anesthesia morbidity and mortality in the perioperative period","volume":"70","author":"Cohen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.13636","article-title":"Fragility of epidermis in newborns, children and adolescents","volume":"30","author":"Tan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1642635","article-title":"Catheter-related arterial thrombosis in neonates and children: A systematic review","volume":"118","author":"Rizzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/608516","article-title":"Topical Nitroglycerine for Neonatal Arterial Associated Peripheral Ischemia following Cannulation: A Case Report and Comprehensive Literature Review","volume":"2013","author":"Mosalli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Case Rep. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"1","article-title":"Comparison of the Incidences of Cuff-Related Trauma after Non-invasive Arterial Blood Pressure Measurement with and without Padding in Patients Undergoing Elective Surgery","volume":"101","author":"Tareerath","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Med. Assoc. Thail."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.4097\/kjae.2010.59.3.203","article-title":"Rumpel-Leede phenomenon associated with noninvasive blood pressure monitoring-A case report","volume":"59","author":"Jeon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Korean J. Anesthesiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/5653481","article-title":"Perioperative Automated Noninvasive Blood Pressure- (NIBP-) Related Peripheral Nerve Injuries: An Anesthetist\u2019s Dilemma\u2014A Case Report and Review of the Literature","volume":"2020","author":"Elmatite","year":"2020","journal-title":"Case Rep. Anesthesiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.61.8.771","article-title":"Dinamap fails to detect hypotension in very low birthweight infants","volume":"61","author":"Diprose","year":"1986","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1097\/ANA.0b013e31826a0345","article-title":"Epidemiology of pediatric surgical admissions in US children: Data from the HCUP kids inpatient database","volume":"24","author":"Tzong","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Anesthesiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2017.3913","article-title":"Association between neonatal intensive care unit admission rates and illness acuity","volume":"172","author":"Schulman","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"CDC National Center for Health Statistics (2021, May 24). Births and Natality, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/fastats\/births.htm."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.2011.30.7.1030","article-title":"Bilateral Tardus-Parvus Waveforms in a Patient With Aortic Coarctation","volume":"30","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound Med."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Mayo Clinic (2021, May 24). Coarctation of the Aorta. Available online: https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/coarctation-of-the-aorta\/diagnosis-treatment\/drc-20352535."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Ahmed, M. (2021, May 23). Aortic Stenosis a Tight Aortic Valve\u2014A Comprehensive Patient Guide. Available online: https:\/\/myheart.net\/articles\/aortic-stenosis-a-tight-aortic-valve-a-comprehensive-patient-guide\/."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kutty, P.K., and Krishnaswamy, G. (2016). The Link: Pediatric History Taking and Physical Examination, Jaypee Brothers.","DOI":"10.5005\/jp\/books\/12897"},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Dhandare, A. (2021, May 23). Cardiovascular System Examination. Available online: https:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/AshishDhandare2\/cardiovascular-system-examination-75965094."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Fang, J., and O\u2019Gara, P. (2021, May 23). The History and Physical Examination.An Evidence-Based Approach.2016. Available online: https:\/\/thoracickey.com\/the-history-and-physical-examination\/#s0060."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199607000-00028","article-title":"Bisferiens peaks in the radial artery pressure wave during patent ductus arteriosus in newborn infants: Relationship with ascending aortic flow","volume":"40","author":"Gevers","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pediatric Res."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Moses, S. (2021, May 23). Arterial Pulse. Available online: https:\/\/fpnotebook.com\/CV\/Exam\/ArtrlPls.htm."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"1008","article-title":"The Athlete Preparticipation Evaluation: Cardiovascular Assessment","volume":"75","author":"Giese","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flynn, J.T., Kaelber, D.C., Baker-Smith, C.M., Blowey, D., Carroll, A.E., Daniels, S.R., de Ferranti, S.D., Dionne, J.M., Falkner, B., and Flinn, S.K. (2017). Clinical practice guideline for screening and management of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Pediatrics, 140.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-1904"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ilic, A., Ilic, D., Papovi\u0107, J., Stojsic, S., Milovancev, A., Grkovic, D., Stojsic-Milosavljevic, A., Redzek-Mudrinic, T., Bjelica, A., and Rankov, O. (2018). Non-Dipping Patten of Blood Pressure and Gestational Hypertension. Blood Press. Bench Bed.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.77018"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijchy.2020.100033","article-title":"Trends in ambulatory blood pressure monitoring use for confirmation or monitoring of hypertension and resistant hypertension among the commercially insured in the U.S., 2008\u20132017","volume":"6","author":"Desai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"314","article-title":"Insights in Public Health: Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring: Underuse in Clinical Practice in Hawaii","volume":"76","author":"Taira","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-009-0060-6","article-title":"Role of ambulatory and home blood pressure recording in clinical practice","volume":"11","author":"Ghuman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Cardiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"391","article-title":"The Efficacy Of Antihypertensive Therapy In Elderly Patients And Treatment Compliance Analysis","volume":"10","author":"Olejnikov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ration. Pharm. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S138789","article-title":"Ambulatory and home blood pressure monitoring: Gaps between clinical guidelines and clinical practice in Singapore","volume":"10","author":"Setia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Gen. Med."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"(2021, June 08). BIOPAC Systems. Available online: https:\/\/www.biopac.com\/."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"(2021, June 08). Finapres Medical Systems: Enschede. Available online: https:\/\/www.finapres.com\/."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"(2021, June 08). ADIntruments: Dunedin. Available online: https:\/\/www.adinstruments.com\/."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"(2021, June 08). Edwards Lifesciences Corporation: Irvine. Available online: https:\/\/www.edwards.com\/."},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"(2021, June 08). CNAP: Graz. Available online: https:\/\/www.cnsystems.com\/."},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"(2021, June 08). Caretaker Medical: Charlottesville. Available online: https:\/\/caretakermedical.net\/."},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"Hodsden, S. (2018, June 08). Omron Introduces Smartwatch-size Blood Pressure Monitor. Med Device Online. Available online: https:\/\/www.meddeviceonline.com\/doc\/omron-introduces-smartwatch-size-blood-pressure-monitor-0001."},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"(2021, June 08). H2CARE. Available online: http:\/\/charmcare.com\/."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2020.02.072","article-title":"Method of blood pressure measurement in neonates and infants: A systematic review and analysis","volume":"221","author":"Dionne","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (2003). American National Standard. Manual, Electronic or Automated Sphygmomanometers ANSI\/AAMI SP10-2002. 3330 Washington Boulevard, AAMI."},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"ISO 81060-2:2019 (2019). Non-Invasive Sphygmomanometers\u2014Part 2: Clinical Investigation Of In-termittent Automated Measurement Type, ISO."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1587\/transcom.2020HMI0002","article-title":"Cuffless Blood Pressure Monitors: Principles, Standards and Approval for Medical Use","volume":"104","author":"Tamura","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEICE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487314552604","article-title":"Acquisition and analysis of cardiovascular signals on smartphones: Potential, pitfalls and perspectives: By the Task Force of the e-Cardiology Working Group of European Society of Cardiology","volume":"21","author":"Bruining","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.3233\/THC-2002-10107","article-title":"Development and modelling of arterial applanation tonometry: A review","volume":"10","author":"Matthys","year":"2002","journal-title":"Technol. Health Care"},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"(2021, June 08). Tensys Medical Inc.: San Diego, CA, United States. Available online: https:\/\/www.dicardiology.com\/company\/tensys-medical-inc."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2019.00040","article-title":"Cuff-Less Methods for Blood Pressure Telemonitoring","volume":"6","author":"Bard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-018-1138-8","article-title":"Continuous Blood Pressure Monitoring as a Basis for Ambient Assisted Living (AAL)\u2014Review of Methodologies and Devices","volume":"43","author":"Stojanova","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Syst."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.03680320","article-title":"Cuffless Blood Pressure Monitoring: Promises and Challenges","volume":"15","author":"Pandit","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"Samsung (2021, May 25). Samsung Expands Vital Blood Pressure and Electrocardiogram Tracking to Galaxy Watch3 and Galaxy Watch Active2 in 31 More Countries. Available online: https:\/\/news.samsung.com\/global\/samsung-expands-vital-blood-pressure-and-electrocardiogram-tracking-to-galaxy-watch3-and-galaxy-watch-active2-in-31-more-countries."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vybornova, A., Polychronopoulou, E., Wurzner-Ghajarzadeh, A., Fallet, S., Sola, J., and Wuerzner, G. (2021). Blood pressure from the optical Aktiia Bracelet: A 1-month validation study using an extended ISO81060-2 protocol adapted for a cuffless wrist device. Blood Press. Monit., 30.","DOI":"10.1097\/01.hjh.0000745828.42553.1c"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73172-3","article-title":"Comparing blood pressure measurements between a photoplethysmography-based and a standard cuff-based manometry device","volume":"10","author":"Nachman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_96","unstructured":"Sensifree (2021, May 25). A New Standard of Care in Blood Pressure Monitoring. Available online: https:\/\/sensifree.com."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-925X-13-96","article-title":"Validation of the pulse decomposition analysis algorithm using central arterial blood pressure","volume":"13","author":"Baruch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. Online"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.096016","article-title":"Peripheral Augmentation Index Defines the Relationship Between Central and Peripheral Pulse Pressure","volume":"51","author":"Munir","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00151.2014","article-title":"Aerobic Exercise Training Reduces Arterial Stiffness in Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"116","author":"Donley","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.4070\/kcj.2011.41.8.423","article-title":"Computational fluid dynamics in cardiovascular disease","volume":"41","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Korean Circ. J."},{"key":"ref_101","unstructured":"(TensorFlow Developers, 2021). TensorFlow Developers, Version v1.14.0."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep07429","article-title":"Pressure ulcers in the hospitalized neonate: Rates and risk factors","volume":"4","author":"Visscher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_103","unstructured":"Seattle Children\u2019s Hospital (2021, May 26). Improving Neonatal Skin Care. Available online: https:\/\/www.seattlechildrens.org\/globalassets\/documents\/healthcare-professionals\/neonatal-briefs\/neonatal-skin-care.pdf."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01312-x","article-title":"How medical AI devices are evaluated: Limitations and recommendations from an analysis of FDA approvals","volume":"27","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Med."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/13\/4273\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:21:04Z","timestamp":1760163664000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/13\/4273"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,22]]},"references-count":104,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s21134273"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21134273","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,22]]}}}