{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T16:20:18Z","timestamp":1767889218507,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,22]],"date-time":"2021-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea","award":["2019R1I1A1A01059713"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019R1I1A1A01059713"]}]},{"name":"the Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology of the Republic of Korea","award":["2012R1A6A1029029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2012R1A6A1029029"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004358","name":"Samsung Electronics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SRFC-IT1701-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SRFC-IT1701-03"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004358","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this article we report on a 3 \u00d7 3 mm tactile interaction sensor that is able to simultaneously detect pressure level, pressure distribution, and shear force direction. The sensor consists of multiple mechanical switches under a conducting diaphragm. An external stimulus is measured by the deflection of the diaphragm and the arrangement of mechanical switches, resulting in low noise, high reliability, and high uniformity. Our sensor is able to detect tactile forces as small as ~50 mgf along with the direction of the shear force. It also distinguishes whether there is a normal pressure during slip motion. We also succeed in detecting the contact shape and the contact motion, demonstrating potential applications in robotics and remote input interfaces. Since our sensor has a simple structure and its function depends only on sensor dimensions, not on an active sensing material, in comparison with previous tactile sensors, our sensor shows high uniformity and reliability for an array-type integration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21134274","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,22]],"date-time":"2021-06-22T22:10:59Z","timestamp":1624399859000},"page":"4274","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Tactile Interaction Sensor with Millimeter Sensing Acuity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2864-4329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eunsuk","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sunjin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinsil","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyeonjeong","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Minjin","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hojun","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Onejae","family":"Sul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seung-Beck","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1177\/1350650113504908","article-title":"A review of fingerpad contact mechanics and friction and how this affects tactile perception","volume":"229","author":"Kuilenburg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. 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