{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T17:34:52Z","timestamp":1777656892469,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]],"date-time":"2021-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41774029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41774029"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper develops novel Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) interference detection methods based on the Hough transform. These methods are realized by incorporating the Hough transform into three Time-Frequency distributions: Wigner\u2013Ville distribution, pseudo -Wigner\u2013Ville distribution and smoothed pseudo-Wigner\u2013Ville distribution. This process results in the corresponding Wigner\u2013Hough transform, pseudo-Wigner\u2013Hough transform and smoothed pseudo-Wigner\u2013Hough transform, which are used in GNSS interference detection to search for local Hough-transformed energy peak in a small limited area within the parameter space. The developed GNSS interference detection methods incorporate a novel concept of zero Hough-transformed energy distribution percentage to analyze the properties of energy concentration and cross-term suppression. The methods are tested with real GPS L1-C\/A data collected in the presence of sweep interference. The test results show that the developed methods can deal with the cross-term problem with improved interference detection performance. In particular, the GNSS interference detection performance obtained with the smoothed pseudo-Wigner\u2013Hough transform method is at least double that of the Wigner\u2013Hough transform-based approach; the smoothed pseudo-Wigner\u2013Hough transform-based GNSS interference detection method is improved at least 20% over the pseudo-Wigner\u2013Hough transform-based technique in terms of the zero Hough-transformed energy percentage criteria. Therefore, the proposed smoothed pseudo-Wigner\u2013Hough transform-based method is recommended in the interference detection for GNSS receivers, particularly in challenging electromagnetic environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21134306","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]],"date-time":"2021-06-24T04:24:36Z","timestamp":1624508676000},"page":"4306","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["A Novel GNSS Interference Detection Method Based on Smoothed Pseudo-Wigner\u2013Hough Transform"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1011-2765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kewen","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Navigation System and Equipment Technology, Zhongshan West Road 589, Shijiazhuang 050081, China"},{"name":"School of Computer & Information, Hefei University of Technology, Tunxi Road 193, Hefei 230009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Baoguo","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Navigation System and Equipment Technology, Zhongshan West Road 589, Shijiazhuang 050081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mireille","family":"Elhajj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Transport Studies, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Washington Yotto","family":"Ochieng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Transport Studies, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tengteng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer & Information, Hefei University of Technology, Tunxi Road 193, Hefei 230009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianlei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Navigation System and Equipment Technology, Zhongshan West Road 589, Shijiazhuang 050081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Kaplan, E.D. 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