{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T14:37:46Z","timestamp":1780497466822,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,25]],"date-time":"2021-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001407","name":"Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SP\/YO\/079\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SP\/YO\/079\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The unique structural and electrochemical properties of graphene oxide (GO) make it an ideal material for the fabrication of biosensing devices. Therefore, in the present study, graphene oxide nanoparticles modified paper electrodes were used as a low-cost matrix for the development of an amperometric DNA sensor. The graphene oxide was synthesized using the modified hummers method and drop cast on a screen-printed paper electrode (SPPE) to enhance its electrochemical properties. Further, the GO\/SPPE electrode was modified with a 5\u2032NH2 labeled ssDNA probe specific to the htrA gene of Orientia tsutsugamushi using carbodiimide cross-linking chemistry. The synthesized GO was characterized using UV-Vis, FTIR, and XRD. The layer-by-layer modification of the paper electrode was monitored via FE-SEM, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The sensor response after hybridization with single-stranded genomic DNA (ssGDNA) of O. tsutsugamushi was recorded using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Methylene blue (1 mM in PBS buffer, pH 7.2) was used as a hybridization indicator and [Fe(CN)6]\u22123\/\u22124 (2.5 mM in PBS buffer, pH 7.2) as a redox probe during electrochemical measurements. The developed DNA sensor shows excellent sensitivity (1228.4 \u00b5A\/cm2\/ng) and LOD (20 pg\/\u00b5L) for detection of O. tsutsugamushi GDNA using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21134366","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,25]],"date-time":"2021-06-25T11:07:40Z","timestamp":1624619260000},"page":"4366","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Graphene Oxide Nanoparticles Modified Paper Electrode as a Biosensing Platform for Detection of the htrA Gene of O. tsutsugamushi"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2379-7422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deepak","family":"Kala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Amity Center of Nanotechnology, Amity University, Gurugram 122413, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0065-6099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tarun Kumar","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad 121001, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shagun","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Bioengineering and Food Technology, Shoolini University, Solan 173229, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivek","family":"Verma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Bioengineering and Food Technology, Shoolini University, Solan 173229, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atul","family":"Thakur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amity Center of Nanotechnology, Amity University, Gurugram 122413, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ankur","family":"Kaushal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amity Center of Nanotechnology, Amity University, Gurugram 122413, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3430-9578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex V.","family":"Trukhanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Technology of Electronics Materials, National University of Science and Technology \u201cMISiS\u201d, Leninsky Av., 4, 119049 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Magnetic Films Physics, SSPA \u201cScientific and Practical Materials Research Centre of NAS of Belarus\u201d, 19 P. Brovki str., 220072 Minsk, Belarus"},{"name":"Laboratory of Single Crystal Growth, South Ural State University, 76, Lenin Av., 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2294-4371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergei V.","family":"Trukhanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Technology of Electronics Materials, National University of Science and Technology \u201cMISiS\u201d, Leninsky Av., 4, 119049 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Magnetic Films Physics, SSPA \u201cScientific and Practical Materials Research Centre of NAS of Belarus\u201d, 19 P. Brovki str., 220072 Minsk, Belarus"},{"name":"Laboratory of Single Crystal Growth, South Ural State University, 76, Lenin Av., 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13205-020-02389-w","article-title":"Diagnosis of scrub typhus: Recent advancements and challenges","volume":"10","author":"Kala","year":"2020","journal-title":"3 Biotech"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e242377","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2021-242377","article-title":"Scrub typhus meningitis: A clue so near","volume":"14","author":"Neelakandan","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13205-020-02432-w","article-title":"AuNPs\/CNF-modified DNA biosensor for early and quick detection of O. tsutsugamushi in patients suffering from scrub typhus","volume":"10","author":"Kala","year":"2020","journal-title":"3 Biotech"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saraswati, K., Day, N.P., Mukaka, M., and Blacksell, S.D. 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