{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T20:37:33Z","timestamp":1781728653547,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,26]],"date-time":"2021-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["61903009, 62006008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61903009, 62006008"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Municipal Education Commission","award":["KM201810011005, KM201910011010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KM201810011005, KM201910011010"]}]},{"name":"Young Teacher Research Foundation Project of BTBU","award":["QNJJ2020-26"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QNJJ2020-26"]}]},{"name":"Beijing excellent talent training support project for young top-notch team","award":["2018000026833TD01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018000026833TD01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Time-series data generally exists in many application fields, and the classification of time-series data is one of the important research directions in time-series data mining. In this paper, univariate time-series data are taken as the research object, deep learning and broad learning systems (BLSs) are the basic methods used to explore the classification of multi-modal time-series data features. Long short-term memory (LSTM), gated recurrent unit, and bidirectional LSTM networks are used to learn and test the original time-series data, and a Gramian angular field and recurrence plot are used to encode time-series data to images, and a BLS is employed for image learning and testing. Finally, to obtain the final classification results, Dempster\u2013Shafer evidence theory (D\u2013S evidence theory) is considered to fuse the probability outputs of the two categories. Through the testing of public datasets, the method proposed in this paper obtains competitive results, compensating for the deficiencies of using only time-series data or images for different types of datasets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21134391","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,27]],"date-time":"2021-06-27T23:57:22Z","timestamp":1624838242000},"page":"4391","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Multi-Channel Fusion Classification Method Based on Time-Series Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2230-0077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xue-Bo","family":"Jin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Artificial Intelligent, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China"},{"name":"China Light Industry Key Laboratory of Industrial Internet and Big Data, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aiqiang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Artificial Intelligent, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China"},{"name":"China Light Industry Key Laboratory of Industrial Internet and Big Data, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tingli","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Artificial Intelligent, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China"},{"name":"China Light Industry Key Laboratory of Industrial Internet and Big Data, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0074-3467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian-Lei","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Artificial Intelligent, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China"},{"name":"China Light Industry Key Laboratory of Industrial Internet and Big Data, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8047-1010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuting","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Artificial Intelligent, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China"},{"name":"China Light Industry Key Laboratory of Industrial Internet and Big Data, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, S.B. 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