{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T05:27:18Z","timestamp":1782970038443,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]],"date-time":"2021-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["109-2218-E-027-003-MY2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["109-2218-E-027-003-MY2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["109-2622-E-027-031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["109-2622-E-027-031"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We have fabricated a photodetector based on (CH3NH3)3Sb2Br9 (MA3Sb2Br9) lead-free perovskite-like single crystal, which plays an important role in the optoelectronic characteristics of the photodetector as a perovskite-like photosensitive layer. Here, MA3Sb2Br9 single crystals were synthesized by an inverse temperature crystallization process with a precursor solution at three different growth temperatures, 60 \u00b0C, 80 \u00b0C, and 100 \u00b0C. As a result, a MA3Sb2Br9 single crystal with an optimum growth temperature of 60 \u00b0C presented a low trap density of 2.63 \u00d7 1011 cm\u22123, a high charge carrier mobility of 0.75 cm2 V\u22121 s\u22121, and excellent crystal structure and optical absorption properties. This MA3Sb2Br9 perovskite-like photodetector displayed a low dark current of 8.09 \u00d7 10\u22129 A, high responsivity of 0.113 A W\u22121, and high detectivity of 4.32 \u00d7 1011 Jones.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21134475","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]],"date-time":"2021-06-30T03:53:15Z","timestamp":1625025195000},"page":"4475","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The Effects of Temperature on the Growth of a Lead-Free Perovskite-Like (CH3NH3)3Sb2Br9 Single Crystal for An MSM Photodetector Application"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Chien-Min","family":"Hun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electro-Optical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8731-5157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ching-Ho","family":"Tien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electro-Optical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuan-Lin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electro-Optical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong-Ye","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electro-Optical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5470-8491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lung-Chien","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electro-Optical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4991","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201401137","article-title":"High-Efficiency Perovskite Solar Cells Based on the Black Polymorph of HC(NH2)2PbI3","volume":"26","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2554","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201703226","article-title":"Perovskite Solar Cells: From the Atomic Level to Film Quality and Device Performance","volume":"57","author":"Saliba","year":"2018","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1243982","article-title":"Electron-Hole Diffusion Lengths Exceeding 1 Micrometer in an Organometal Trihalide Perovskite Absorber","volume":"342","author":"Stranks","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6688","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201902418","article-title":"A Cation-Exchange Approach for the Fabrication of Efficient Methylammonium Tin Iodide Perovskite Solar Cells","volume":"58","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15037-x","article-title":"Room-temperature liquid diffused separation induced crystallization for high-quality perovskite single crystals","volume":"11","author":"Yao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6050","DOI":"10.1021\/ja809598r","article-title":"Organometal Halide Perovskites as Visible-Light Sensitizers for Photovoltaic Cells","volume":"131","author":"Kojima","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16509-w","article-title":"Cathode engineering with perylene-diimide interlayer enabling over 17% efficiency single-junction organic solar cells","volume":"11","author":"Yao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, L.C., Tien, C.-H., Lee, K.L., and Kao, Y.T. (2020). Efficiency Improvement of MAPbI3 Perovskite Solar Cells Based on a CsPbBr3 Quantum Dot\/Au Nanoparticle Composite Plasmonic Light-Harvesting Layer. Energies, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/en13061471"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"National Renewable Energy Laboratory (2021, January 04). Best Research-Cell Efficiencies, Available online: https:\/\/www.nrel.gov\/pv\/assets\/pdfs\/best-research-cell-efficiencies.20200104.pdf."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605242","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201605242","article-title":"A Review on Organic\u2013Inorganic Halide Perovskite Photodetectors: Device Engineering and Fundamental Physics","volume":"29","author":"Ahmadi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, L.C., Lee, K.L., Lee, K.Y., Huang, Y.W., and Lin, R.M. (2020). Study of Metal\u2013Semiconductor\u2013Metal CH3NH3PbBr3 Perovskite Photodetectors Prepared by Inverse Temperature Crystallization Method. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20010297"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2020.124787","article-title":"Mixed 2D\/3D perovskite with fine phase control modulated by a novel cyclopentanamine hydrobromide for better stability in light-emitting diodes","volume":"393","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.0c01036","article-title":"CsPbBr3\/CH3NH3PbCl3 Double Layer Enhances Efficiency and Lifetime of Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes","volume":"5","author":"Kang","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Energy Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3781","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpclett.5b01666","article-title":"CH3NH3PbCl3 Single Crystals: Inverse Temperature Crystallization and Visible-Blind UV-Photodetector","volume":"6","author":"Maculan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20753","DOI":"10.1039\/C8TA08315K","article-title":"Narrow band gap and high mobility of lead-free perovskite single crystal Sn-doped MA3Sb2I9","volume":"6","author":"Ju","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa5760","article-title":"Electron-hole diffusion lengths > 175 \u03bcm in solution-grown CH3NH3PbI3single crystals","volume":"347","author":"Dong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-020-00349-w","article-title":"Modulating the optical and electrical properties of MAPbBr3 single crystals via voltage regulation engineering and application in memristors","volume":"9","author":"Xing","year":"2020","journal-title":"Light. Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"1","article-title":"Efficient lateral-structure perovskite single crystal solar cells with high operational stability","volume":"11","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat4572","article-title":"Toxicity of organometal halide perovskite solar cells","volume":"15","author":"Babayigit","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.6b00499","article-title":"Toward Lead-Free Perovskite Solar Cells","volume":"1","author":"Giustino","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Energy Lett."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, L.-C., Tien, C.-H., Jhou, Y.-C., and Lin, W.-C. (2020). Co-Solvent Controllable Engineering of MA0.5FA0.5Pb0.8Sn0.2I3 Lead\u2013Tin Mixed Perovskites for Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells with Improved Stability. Energies, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/en13102438"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ultra-high open-circuit voltage of tin perovskite solar cells via an electron transporting layer design","volume":"11","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optmat.2019.109607","article-title":"Enhancement of efficiency and stability of CH3NH3GeI3 solar cells with CuSbS2","volume":"99","author":"Hima","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt. Mater."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2019.02.041","article-title":"Toward development of high-performance perovskite solar cells based on CH3NH3GeI3 using computational approach","volume":"182","author":"Kanoun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sol. Energy"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpclett.7b00086","article-title":"Organic\u2013Inorganic Copper(II)-Based Material: A Low-Toxic, Highly Stable Light Absorber for Photovoltaic Application","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23094","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c03106","article-title":"Opportunity of the Lead-Free All-Inorganic Cs3Cu2I5 Perovskite Film for Memristor and Neuromorphic Computing Applications","volume":"12","author":"Zeng","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2018.05.003","article-title":"An effective approach of vapour assisted morphological tailoring for reducing metal defect sites in lead-free, (CH3NH3)3Bi2I9 bismuth-based perovskite solar cells for improved performance and long-term stability","volume":"49","author":"Jain","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1894","DOI":"10.1007\/s12274-019-2454-0","article-title":"Highly stable lead-free Cs3Bi2I9 perovskite nanoplates for photodetection applications","volume":"12","author":"Qi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nano Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3734","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.8b00676","article-title":"A-Site Cation in Inorganic A3Sb2I9 Perovskite Influences Structural Dimensionality, Exciton Binding Energy, and Solar Cell Performance","volume":"30","author":"Nienhaus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32649","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c06971","article-title":"Modulating Performance and Stability of Inorganic Lead-Free Perovskite Solar Cells via Lewis-Pair Mediation","volume":"12","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23829","DOI":"10.1039\/C5TA05741H","article-title":"Lead-free germanium iodide perovskite materials for photovoltaic applications","volume":"3","author":"Krishnamoorthy","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.6b04587","article-title":"Lead-Free Perovskite Nanowire Array Photodetectors with Drastically Improved Stability in Nanoengineering Templates","volume":"17","author":"Waleed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13221","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201808385","article-title":"Lead-Free Solar Cells based on Tin Halide Perovskite Films with High Coverage and Improved Aggregation","volume":"57","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1808059","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201808059","article-title":"Enhanced Hole Transportation for Inverted Tin-Based Perovskite Solar Cells with High Performance and Stability","volume":"29","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2020.128462","article-title":"Tunable perovskite-based photodetectors in optical sensing","volume":"321","author":"Wolanyk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sen. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6806","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201501978","article-title":"Bismuth Based Hybrid Perovskites A3Bi2I9(A: Methylammonium or Cesium) for Solar Cell Application","volume":"27","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28404","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.0c04174","article-title":"Recent Progress and Challenges in A3Sb2X9-Based Perovskite Solar Cells","volume":"5","author":"Ahmad","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3087","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpclett.8b01116","article-title":"Constructing Sensitive and Fast Lead-Free Single-Crystalline Perovskite Photodetectors","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1039\/C9NH00426B","article-title":"Submillimeter and lead-free Cs3Sb2Br9 perovskite nanoflakes: Inverse temperature crystallization growth and application for ultrasensitive photodetectors","volume":"4","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanoscale Horizons"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6453","DOI":"10.1039\/C8NR09918A","article-title":"Perovskite-related (CH3NH3)3Sb2Br9 for forming-free memristor and low-energy-consuming neuromorphic computing","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700672","DOI":"10.1002\/adom.201700672","article-title":"Self-Filtered Narrowband Perovskite Photodetectors with Ultrafast and Tuned Spectral Response","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Opt. Mater."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001072","DOI":"10.1002\/adom.202001072","article-title":"Lead-Free Cs 3 Sb 2 Br 9 Single Crystals for High Performance Narrowband Photodetector","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Opt. Mater."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/13\/4475\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:23:41Z","timestamp":1760163821000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/13\/4475"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s21134475"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21134475","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]]}}}