{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T14:26:56Z","timestamp":1785421616477,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Regional Development Fund of the European Union","award":["unknown"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["unknown"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Currently, greenhouses are widely applied for plant growth, and environmental parameters can also be controlled in the modern greenhouse to guarantee the maximum crop yield. In order to optimally control greenhouses\u2019 environmental parameters, one indispensable requirement is to accurately predict crop yields based on given environmental parameter settings. In addition, crop yield forecasting in greenhouses plays an important role in greenhouse farming planning and management, which allows cultivators and farmers to utilize the yield prediction results to make knowledgeable management and financial decisions. It is thus important to accurately predict the crop yield in a greenhouse considering the benefits that can be brought by accurate greenhouse crop yield prediction. In this work, we have developed a new greenhouse crop yield prediction technique, by combining two state-of-the-arts networks for temporal sequence processing\u2014temporal convolutional network (TCN) and recurrent neural network (RNN). Comprehensive evaluations of the proposed algorithm have been made on multiple datasets obtained from multiple real greenhouse sites for tomato growing. Based on a statistical analysis of the root mean square errors (RMSEs) between the predicted and actual crop yields, it is shown that the proposed approach achieves more accurate yield prediction performance than both traditional machine learning methods and other classical deep neural networks. Moreover, the experimental study also shows that the historical yield information is the most important factor for accurately predicting future crop yields.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21134537","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T12:03:27Z","timestamp":1625141007000},"page":"4537","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":130,"title":["Deep Learning Based Prediction on Greenhouse Crop Yield Combined TCN and RNN"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Liyun","family":"Gong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miao","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shouyong","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vassilis","family":"Cutsuridis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4297-4837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon","family":"Pearson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lincoln Institute for Agri-Food Technology, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2011.06.001","article-title":"A methodology for model-based greenhouse design: Part 1, description and validation of a tomato yield model","volume":"110","author":"Vanthoor","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biosyst. 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