{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T03:09:38Z","timestamp":1777086578766,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,5]],"date-time":"2021-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"UNICEF WASH Innovation","award":["the UNICEF WASH Innovation Hub @ HU for project titled \"Flood Forecasting and Early Warn-ing System in Jordan\"."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["the UNICEF WASH Innovation Hub @ HU for project titled \"Flood Forecasting and Early Warn-ing System in Jordan\"."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Remote monitoring sensor systems play a significant role in the evaluation and minimization of natural disasters and risk. This article presents a sustainable and real-time early warning system of sensors employed in flash flood prediction by using a rolling forecast model based on Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Golden Ratio Optimization (GROM) methods. This Early Flood Warning System (EFWS) aims to support decision makers by providing reliable and accurate information and warning about any possible flood events within an efficient lead-time to reduce any damages due to flash floods. In this work, to improve the performance of the EFWS, an ANN forecast model based on a new optimization method, GROM, is developed and compared to the traditional ANN model. Furthermore, due to the lack of literature regarding the optimal ANN structural model for forecasting the flash flood, this paper is one of the first extensive investigations into the impact of using different exogenous variables and parameters on the ANN structure. The effect of using a rolling forecast model compared to fixed model on the accuracy of the forecasts is investigated as well. The results indicate that the rolling ANN forecast model based on GROM successfully improved the model accuracy by 40% compared to the traditional ANN model and by 93.5% compared to the fixed forecast model.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21134598","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,5]],"date-time":"2021-07-05T22:02:04Z","timestamp":1625522524000},"page":"4598","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["A Sustainable Early Warning System Using Rolling Forecasts Based on ANN and Golden Ratio Optimization Methods to Accurately Predict Real-Time Water Levels and Flash Flood"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1413-059X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feras","family":"Alasali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rula","family":"Tawalbeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zahra","family":"Ghanem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fatima","family":"Mohammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Alghazzawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"17","article-title":"Flood-risk assessment and hazard mitigation measures: Case studies and lessons learnt in Italy","volume":"118","author":"Mambretti","year":"2013","journal-title":"WIT Trans. 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