{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T19:31:36Z","timestamp":1776454296637,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,5]],"date-time":"2021-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Elderly people are not likely to recognize road signs due to low cognitive ability and presbyopia. In our study, three shapes of traffic symbols (circles, squares, and triangles) which are most commonly used in road driving were used to evaluate the elderly drivers\u2019 recognition. When traffic signs are randomly shown in HUD (head-up display), subjects compare them with the symbol displayed outside of the vehicle. In this test, we conducted a Go\/Nogo test and determined the differences in ERP (event-related potential) data between correct and incorrect answers of EEG signals. As a result, the wrong answer rate for the elderly was 1.5 times higher than for the youths. All generation groups had a delay of 20\u201330 ms of P300 with incorrect answers. In order to achieve clearer differentiation, ERP data were modeled with unsupervised machine learning and supervised deep learning. The young group\u2019s correct\/incorrect data were classified well using unsupervised machine learning with no pre-processing, but the elderly group\u2019s data were not. On the other hand, the elderly group\u2019s data were classified with a high accuracy of 75% using supervised deep learning with simple signal processing. Our results can be used as a basis for the implementation of a personalized safe driving system for the elderly.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21134607","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,6]],"date-time":"2021-07-06T02:59:47Z","timestamp":1625540387000},"page":"4607","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Traffic Sign Recognition Evaluation for Senior Adults Using EEG Signals"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Dong-Woo","family":"Koh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Media Engineering, Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Bucheon-si 14662, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jin-Kook","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CookingMind Cop. 23 Seocho-daero 74-gil, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06621, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sang-Goog","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Media Engineering, Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Bucheon-si 14662, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199903000-00014","article-title":"Seeing into old age: Vision function beyond acuity","volume":"76","author":"Schneck","year":"1999","journal-title":"Optom. 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