{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T19:28:46Z","timestamp":1777490926206,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,7]],"date-time":"2021-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>It is estimated that we spend one-third of our lives at work. It is therefore vital to adapt traditional equipment and systems used in the working environment to the new technological paradigm so that the industry is connected and, at the same time, workers are as safe and protected as possible. Thanks to Smart Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and wearable technologies, information about the workers and their environment can be extracted to reduce the rate of accidents and occupational illness, leading to a significant improvement. This article proposes an architecture that employs three pieces of PPE: a helmet, a bracelet and a belt, which process the collected information using artificial intelligence (AI) techniques through edge computing. The proposed system guarantees the workers\u2019 safety and integrity through the early prediction and notification of anomalies detected in their environment. Models such as convolutional neural networks, long short-term memory, Gaussian Models were joined by interpreting the information with a graph, where different heuristics were used to weight the outputs as a whole, where finally a support vector machine weighted the votes of the models with an area under the curve of 0.81.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21144652","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,7]],"date-time":"2021-07-07T12:31:25Z","timestamp":1625661085000},"page":"4652","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Intelligent Platform Based on Smart PPE for Safety in Workplaces"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0434-6538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"M\u00e1rquez-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"BISITE Research Group, University of Salamanca, Calle Espejo s\/n, Edificio Multiusos I+D+i, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Air Institute, IoT Digital Innovation Hub (Spain), 37188 Salamanca, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6934-6833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Israel","family":"Campero-Jurado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Herrera-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BISITE Research Group, University of Salamanca, Calle Espejo s\/n, Edificio Multiusos I+D+i, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BISITE Research Group, University of Salamanca, Calle Espejo s\/n, Edificio Multiusos I+D+i, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2829-1829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan M.","family":"Corchado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BISITE Research Group, University of Salamanca, Calle Espejo s\/n, Edificio Multiusos I+D+i, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Air Institute, IoT Digital Innovation Hub (Spain), 37188 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Electronics, Information and Communication, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, Osaka 535-8585, Japan"},{"name":"Faculty of Creative Technology & Heritage, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Locked Bag 01, Bachok, Kota Bharu 16300, Kelantan, Malaysia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1080\/00140138708969725","article-title":"Workplace injuries in the developing countries","volume":"30","author":"Shahnavaz","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Friend, M.A., and Kohn, J.P. (2018). Fundamentals of Occupational Safety and Health, Rowman & Littlefield."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-200112000-00002","article-title":"Effect of state workplace safety laws on occupational injury rates","volume":"43","author":"Smitha","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1162\/003465303772815826","article-title":"Workers\u2019 compensation \u201creforms,\u201d choice of medical care provider, and reported workplace injuries","volume":"85","author":"Boden","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rev. Econ. Stat."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1109\/MEMB.2010.936554","article-title":"Wearable sensors and systems","volume":"29","author":"Bonato","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Mag."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1109\/MEMB.2003.1213625","article-title":"Enhancing the quality of life through wearable technology","volume":"22","author":"Park","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Mag."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2012.02.016","article-title":"Internet of things: Vision, applications and research challenges","volume":"10","author":"Miorandi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campero-Jurado, I., M\u00e1rquez-S\u00e1nchez, S., Quintanar-G\u00f3mez, J., Rodr\u00edguez, S., and Corchado, J.M. (2020). Smart Helmet 5.0 for industrial internet of things using artificial intelligence. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20216241"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez, S.M., Vara, R.C., Criado, F.J.G., Gonz\u00e1lez, S.R., Tejedor, J.P., and Corchado, J.M. (2019). Smart PPE and CPE Platform for Electric Industry Workforce. International Workshop on Soft Computing Models in Industrial and Environmental Applications, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-20055-8_40"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez, M., Rodriguez, C., and Manuel, J. (2020, January 29\u201331). Smart Protective Protection Equipment for an accessible work environment and occupational hazard prevention. Proceedings of the 2020 10th International Conference on Cloud Computing, Data Science & Engineering (Confluence), Noida, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/Confluence47617.2020.9058188"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez, S.M. (2019). Electronic Textiles for Intelligent Prevention of Occupational Hazards. International Symposium on Distributed Computing and Artificial Intelligence, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-23946-6_29"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10803548.2016.1214431","article-title":"Towards a conceptual framework of OSH risk management in smart working environments based on smart PPE, ambient intelligence and the Internet of Things technologies","volume":"23","author":"Podgorski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Occup. Saf. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"677","article-title":"Development Trends of Smart Personal Protective Equipment for Agricultural Health and Safety","volume":"36","author":"Chae","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Ergon. Soc. Korea"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tulshyan, V., Sharma, D., and Mittal, M. (2020). An Eye on the Future of COVID\u201919: Prediction of Likely Positive Cases and Fatality in India over A 30 Days Horizon using Prophet Model. Disaster Med. Public Health Prep., 1\u201320.","DOI":"10.1017\/dmp.2020.444"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Islam, A. Use of PPE in Response of Coronavirus (COVID-19): A Smart Solution to Global Economic Challenges?. [Ph.D. Thesis, Putra Business School]."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2020.06.007","article-title":"Design of a smart safety vest incorporated with metal detector kits for enhanced personal protection","volume":"11","author":"Rajendran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Saf. Health Work."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2015.07.007","article-title":"Personal protective equipment: Protecting health care providers in an Ebola outbreak","volume":"37","author":"Fischer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2018.08.019","article-title":"Stochastic interval-based optimal offering model for residential energy management systems by household owners","volume":"105","author":"Gazafroudi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rom\u00e1n, J.A., Rodr\u00edguez, S., and de la Prieta, F. (2016). Improving the distribution of services in MAS. International Conference on Practical Applications of Agents and Multi-Agent Systems, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-39387-2_4"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chamoso, P., De La Prieta, F., Eibenstein, A., Santos-Santos, D., Tizio, A., and Vittorini, P. (2017). A device supporting the self management of tinnitus. International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-56154-7_36"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sitt\u00f3n, I., and Rodr\u00edguez, S. (2017). Pattern extraction for the design of predictive models in industry 4.0. International Conference on Practical Applications of Agents and Multi-Agent Systems, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-61578-3_31"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez, S.M., Lecumberri, F., Sati, V., Arora, A., Shoeibi, N., Rodr\u00edguez, S., and Rodr\u00edguez, J.M.C. (2020). Edge Computing Driven Smart Personal Protective System Deployed on NVIDIA Jetson and Integrated with ROS. International Conference on Practical Applications of Agents and Multi-Agent Systems, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-51999-5_32"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2016.1600492CM","article-title":"EdgeIoT: Mobile edge computing for the Internet of Things","volume":"54","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/s13748-012-0031-9","article-title":"Agreement technologies and their use in cloud computing environments","volume":"1","author":"Heras","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shawish, A., and Salama, M. (2014). Cloud computing: Paradigms and technologies. Inter-Cooperative Collective Intelligence: Techniques and Applications, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-35016-0_2"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2016.2579198","article-title":"Edge computing: Vision and challenges","volume":"3","author":"Shi","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2016.145","article-title":"The promise of edge computing","volume":"49","author":"Shi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Computer"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2017.9","article-title":"The emergence of edge computing","volume":"50","author":"Satyanarayanan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Computer"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compind.2018.04.015","article-title":"The industrial internet of things (IIoT): An analysis framework","volume":"101","author":"Boyes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Ind."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mobley, R.K. (2002). An Introduction to Predictive Maintenance, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-075067531-4\/50006-3"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1007\/s10115-018-1289-4","article-title":"Social computing in currency exchange","volume":"61","author":"Chamoso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Knowl. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Puig Ram\u00edrez, J. (2010). Asset Optimization and Predictive Maintenance in Discrete Manufacturing Industry. [Master\u2019s Thesis, \u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne]."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chamoso, P., De Paz, J.F., Bajo, J., and Villarrubia, G. (2016). Intelligent control of energy distribution networks. International Conference on Practical Applications of Agents and Multi-Agent Systems, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-40159-1_8"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Van Den Oord, A., Dieleman, S., and Schrauwen, B. (2013). Deep content-based music recommendation. Neural Information Processing Systems Conference (NIPS 2013), Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation (NIPS)."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1111\/coin.12073","article-title":"Evolutionary algorithm-based radial basis function neural network training for industrial personal computer sales forecasting","volume":"33","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Intell."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Yegnanarayana, B. (2009). Artificial Neural Networks, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Leake, D.B. (1996). Case-Based Reasoning: Experiences, Lessons, and Future Directions, MIT Press."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Goodfellow, I., Bengio, Y., and Courville, A. (2016). Deep Learning, MIT Press. No. 2."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"12","article-title":"Sistemas h\u00edbridos neuro-simb\u00f3licos: Una revisi\u00f3n","volume":"4","author":"Riverola","year":"2000","journal-title":"Intel. Artif. Rev. Iberoam. Intel. Artif."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, T.C., and Zhao, L. (2016). Machine Learning in Complex Networks, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-17290-3_2"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1145\/780822.781141","article-title":"Meta optimization: Improving compiler heuristics with machine learning","volume":"38","author":"Stephenson","year":"2003","journal-title":"ACM Sigplan Not."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"186","article-title":"Smart Belt Design by Na\u0131ve Bayes Classifier for Standard Industrial Protection Equipment Integration","volume":"18","author":"Corchado","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00e1rquez-S\u00e1nchez, S., Campero-Jurado, I., Robles-Camarillo, D., Rodr\u00edguez, S., and Corchado-Rodr\u00edguez, J.M. (2021). BeSafe B2.0 Smart Multisensory Platform for Safety in Workplaces. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21103372"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/14\/4652\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:27:08Z","timestamp":1760164028000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/14\/4652"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,7]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s21144652"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21144652","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,7]]}}}