{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T20:41:09Z","timestamp":1774557669288,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]],"date-time":"2021-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51627807"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51627807"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As a commonly used solution, the multi-ended readout can measure the depth-of-interaction (DOI) for positron emission tomography (PET) detectors. In the present study, the effects of the multi-ended readout design were investigated using the leading-edge discriminator (LED) triggers on the timing performance of time-of-flight (TOF) PET detectors. At the very first, the photon transmission model of the four detectors, namely, single-ended readout, dual-ended readout, side dual-ended readout, and triple-ended readout, was established in Tracepro. The optical simulation revealed that the light output of the multi-ended readout was higher. Meanwhile, the readout circuit could be triggered earlier. Especially, in the triple-ended readout, the light output at 0.5 ns was observed to be nearly twice that of the single-ended readout after the first scintillating photon was generated. Subsequently, a reference detector was applied to test the multi-ended readout detectors that were constructed from a 6 \u00d7 6 \u00d7 25 mm3 LYSO crystal. Each module is composed of a crystal coupled with multiple SiPMs. Accordingly, its timing performance was improved by approximately 10% after the compensation of fourth-order polynomial fitting. Finally, the compensated full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM) coincidence timing resolutions (CTR) of the dual-ended readout, side dual-ended readout, and triple-ended readout were 216.9 ps, 231.0 ps, and 203.6 ps, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21144681","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]],"date-time":"2021-07-08T10:42:17Z","timestamp":1625740937000},"page":"4681","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Optical Simulation and Experimental Assessment with Time\u2013Walk Correction of TOF\u2013PET Detectors with Multi-Ended Readouts"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1238-6775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siwei","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518107, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhiliang","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518107, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4918-0810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Lab of Digital Manufacturing Equipment & Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0980-805X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiangqiang","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Lab of Digital Manufacturing Equipment & Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongsen","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Lab of Digital Manufacturing Equipment & Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yibin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518107, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianfeng","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Lab of Digital Manufacturing Equipment & Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiyu","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518107, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s40658-016-0142-7","article-title":"Quantitative comparison of PET performance-Siemens Biograph mCT and mMR","volume":"3","author":"Karlberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"EJNMMI Phys."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2016.2537811","article-title":"Design Features and Mutual Compatibility Studies of the Time-of-Flight PET Capable GE SIGNA PET\/MR System","volume":"35","author":"Levin","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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