{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T14:48:22Z","timestamp":1772808502190,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,9]],"date-time":"2021-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UMA 18-FEDERJA-148."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UMA 18-FEDERJA-148."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The visual design elements and principles (VDEPs) can trigger behavioural changes and emotions in the viewer, but their effects on brain activity are not clearly understood. In this paper, we explore the relationships between brain activity and colour (cold\/warm), light (dark\/bright), movement (fast\/slow), and balance (symmetrical\/asymmetrical) VDEPs. We used the public DEAP dataset with the electroencephalogram signals of 32 participants recorded while watching music videos. The characteristic VDEPs for each second of the videos were manually tagged for by a team of two visual communication experts. Results show that variations in the light\/value, rhythm\/movement, and balance in the music video sequences produce a statistically significant effect over the mean absolute power of the Delta, Theta, Alpha, Beta, and Gamma EEG bands (p &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, we trained a Convolutional Neural Network that successfully predicts the VDEP of a video fragment solely by the EEG signal of the viewer with an accuracy ranging from 0.7447 for Colour VDEP to 0.9685 for Movement VDEP. Our work shows evidence that VDEPs affect brain activity in a variety of distinguishable ways and that a deep learning classifier can infer visual VDEP properties of the videos from EEG activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21144695","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,9]],"date-time":"2021-07-09T04:14:57Z","timestamp":1625804097000},"page":"4695","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Impact of Visual Design Elements and Principles in Human Electroencephalogram Brain Activity Assessed with Spectral Methods and Convolutional Neural Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6286-577X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco E.","family":"Cabrera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Languages and Computer Sciences, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Universidad de M\u00e1laga, 29071 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Centre for Applied Social Research (CISA), Ada Byron Research Building, Universidad de M\u00e1laga, 29071 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga (IBIMA), 29071 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7845-9506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"S\u00e1nchez-N\u00fa\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Applied Social Research (CISA), Ada Byron Research Building, Universidad de M\u00e1laga, 29071 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga (IBIMA), 29071 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Audiovisual Communication and Advertising, Faculty of Communication Sciences, Universidad de M\u00e1laga, 29071 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2097-2291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gustavo","family":"Vaccaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Languages and Computer Sciences, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Universidad de M\u00e1laga, 29071 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Centre for Applied Social Research (CISA), Ada Byron Research Building, Universidad de M\u00e1laga, 29071 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga (IBIMA), 29071 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2606-3849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Ignacio","family":"Pel\u00e1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Languages and Computer Sciences, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Universidad de M\u00e1laga, 29071 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Centre for Applied Social Research (CISA), Ada Byron Research Building, Universidad de M\u00e1laga, 29071 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga (IBIMA), 29071 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2105-8725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Escudero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Institute for Digital Communications (IDCOM), The University of Edinburgh, 8 Thomas Bayes Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3FG, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Frascara, J. (2004). Communication Design: Principles, Methods, and Practice, Allworth Press."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Ambrose, G., and Harris, P. (2009). The Fundamentals of Graphic Design, AVA Publishing SA Bloomsbury Publishing Plc."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0017.1990.tb00166.x","article-title":"Modern Theories of Gestalt Perception","volume":"5","author":"Palmer","year":"1990","journal-title":"Mind Lang."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Kepes, G. (1995). Language of Vision, Courier Corporation."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Dondis, D.A. (2012). La Sintaxis de la Imagen: Introducci\u00f3n al Alfabeto Visual, Editorial GG."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Villafa\u00f1e, J. (2006). Introducci\u00f3n a la Teor\u00eda de la Imagen, Piramide."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1002\/col.22095","article-title":"Colour meaning and context","volume":"42","author":"Won","year":"2017","journal-title":"Color Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Machajdik, J., and Hanbury, A. (2010, January 25\u201329). Affective image classification using features inspired by psychology and art theory. Proceedings of the International Conference on Multimedia\u2014MM \u201910, Florence, Italy.","DOI":"10.1145\/1873951.1873965"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1002\/col.21858","article-title":"Colour, contrast and gestalt theories of perception: The impact in contemporary visual communications design","volume":"40","year":"2015","journal-title":"Color Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134563","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3009482","article-title":"Opinion Mining, Sentiment Analysis and Emotion Understanding in Advertising: A Bibliometric Analysis","volume":"8","author":"Cobo","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, H.Y., and Huang, K.L. (2016, January 12\u201313). Construction of perfume bottle visual design model based on multiple affective responses. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Advanced Materials for Science and Engineering (ICAMSE), Tainan, Taiwan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICAMSE.2016.7840270"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1093\/jcr\/ucw048","article-title":"The contingent nature of the symbolic associations of visual design elements: The case of brand logo frames","volume":"43","author":"Fajardo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Consum. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"183","article-title":"Achieving Usability in Establishment Surveys Through the Application of Visual Design Principles","volume":"21","author":"Dillman","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Off. Stat."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcps.2011.11.010","article-title":"Branding the brain: A critical review and outlook","volume":"22","author":"Plassmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Consum. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.02.001","article-title":"Functional specialization and generalization for grouping of stimuli based on colour and motion","volume":"73","author":"Zeki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1108\/IJWBR-03-2016-0009","article-title":"Wine labels: An eye-tracking and pupillometry study","volume":"28","author":"Laeng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Wine Bus. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1509\/jmkg.68.2.36.27794","article-title":"Attention Capture and Transfer in Advertising: Brand, Pictorial, and Text-Size Effects","volume":"68","author":"Pieters","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Mark."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodqual.2014.06.015","article-title":"Do you like what you see? The role of first fixation and total fixation duration in consumer choice","volume":"39","author":"Hooge","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Qual. Prefer."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ishizu, T., and Zeki, S. (2011). Toward a brain-based theory of beauty. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0021852"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiao, R., Qing, C., Zhang, T., Xing, X., and Xu, X. (2017, January 24\u201326). A novel deep-learning based framework for multi-subject emotion recognition. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Information, Cybernetics and Computational Social Systems (ICCSS), Dalian, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCSS.2017.8091408"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-014-0789-2","article-title":"Discovering Beautiful Attributes for Aesthetic Image Analysis","volume":"113","author":"Marchesotti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-52891-2","article-title":"Impact of Affective Multimedia Content on the Electroencephalogram and Facial Expressions","volume":"9","author":"Siddharth","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19087","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-017-4580-6","article-title":"Analysis of EEG signals and its application to neuromarketing","volume":"76","author":"Yadava","year":"2017","journal-title":"Multimed. Tools Appl."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-N\u00fa\u00f1ez, P., Cobo, M.J., Vaccaro, G., Pel\u00e1ez, J.I., and Herrera-Viedma, E. (2021). Citation Classics in Consumer Neuroscience, Neuromarketing and Neuroaesthetics: Identification and Conceptual Analysis. Brain Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11050548"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1109\/T-AFFC.2011.15","article-title":"DEAP: A Database for Emotion Analysis; Using Physiological Signals","volume":"3","author":"Koelstra","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Affect. Comput."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"329","article-title":"EEG-Based Emotion Recognition using 3D Convolutional Neural Networks","volume":"9","author":"Salama","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Comput. Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Acar, E., Hopfgartner, F., and Albayrak, S. (2015, January 10\u201312). Fusion of learned multi-modal representations and dense trajectories for emotional analysis in videos. Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Content-Based Multimedia Indexing (CBMI), Prague, Czech Republic.","DOI":"10.1109\/CBMI.2015.7153603"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.4258\/hir.2018.24.4.309","article-title":"Arousal and valence classification model based on long short-term memory and DEAP data for mental healthcare management","volume":"24","author":"Choi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Healthc. Inform. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"1","article-title":"Accurate EEG-based Emotion Recognition on Combined Features Using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.2190\/TW.43.1.b","article-title":"Visual Design Principles: An Empirical Study of Design Lore","volume":"43","author":"Kimball","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Tech. Writ. Commun."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(98)00008-0","article-title":"The role of balance as an organizing design principle underlying adults\u2019 compositional strategies for creating visual displays","volume":"99","author":"Locher","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Psychol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2009.08.005","article-title":"Colour appeal in website design within and across cultures: A multi-method evaluation","volume":"68","author":"Cyr","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jretai.2016.11.004","article-title":"Using Visual Design to Improve Customer Perceptions of Online Assortments","volume":"93","author":"Kahn","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Retail."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Dondis, D.A. (1973). A Primer of Visual Literacy, The MIT Press."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Albers, J. (1963). The Interaction of Color, Yale University Press."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.2307\/1572567","article-title":"The Elements of Color","volume":"5","author":"Karp","year":"1972","journal-title":"Leonardo"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Arnheim, R. (2004). Art and Visual Perception: A Psychology of the Creative Eye, University of California Press."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2012.10.003","article-title":"Symmetry perception and affective responses: A combined EEG\/EMG study","volume":"50","author":"Makin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6263","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-24558-x","article-title":"The aesthetic preference for symmetry dissociates from early-emerging attention to symmetry","volume":"8","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14579","article-title":"Symmetric patterns with different luminance polarity (anti-symmetry) generate an automatic response in extrastriate cortex","volume":"51","author":"Makin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29287","DOI":"10.1038\/srep29287","article-title":"The role of color and attention-to-color in mirror-symmetry perception","volume":"6","author":"Gheorghiu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-012-0347-2","article-title":"Processing convexity and concavity along a 2-D contour: Figure\u2013ground, structural shape, and attention","volume":"20","author":"Bertamini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychon. Bull. Rev."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chai, M.T., Amin, H.U., Izhar, L.I., Saad, M.N.M., Abdul Rahman, M., Malik, A.S., and Tang, T.B. (2019). Exploring EEG Effective Connectivity Network in Estimating Influence of Color on Emotion and Memory. Front. Neuroinform., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fninf.2019.00066"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2018.03.001","article-title":"Response of a human visual system to continuous color variation: An EEG-based approach","volume":"43","author":"Tcheslavski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Signal Process. Control"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nicolae, I.E., and Ivanovici, M. (2020). Preparatory Experiments Regarding Human Brain Perception and Reasoning of Image Complexity for Synthetic Color Fractal and Natural Texture Images via EEG. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11010164"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2019.04.025","article-title":"The application of EEG power for the prediction and interpretation of consumer decision-making: A neuromarketing study","volume":"207","author":"Farashi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2020.112486","article-title":"Effect of brightness of visual stimuli on EEG signals","volume":"382","author":"Osman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0926-6410(95)90008-X","article-title":"Luminance and spatial attention effects on early visual processing","volume":"2","author":"Johannes","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cogn. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1037\/a0026468","article-title":"But for the bad, there would not be good: Grounding valence in brightness through shared relational structures","volume":"141","author":"Lakens","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Gen."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.03.020","article-title":"Shedding light on emotional perception: Interaction of brightness and semantic content in extrastriate visual cortex","volume":"133","author":"Schettino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2433","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.7.2433","article-title":"Visual motion perception","volume":"92","author":"Albright","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H\u00fclsd\u00fcnker, T., Ostermann, M., and Mierau, A. (2019). The Speed of Neural Visual Motion Perception and Processing Determines the Visuomotor Reaction Time of Young Elite Table Tennis Athletes. Front. Behav. Neurosci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2019.00165"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agyei, S.B., van der Weel, F.R., and van der Meer, A.L.H. (2016). Development of Visual Motion Perception for Prospective Control: Brain and Behavioral Studies in Infants. Front. Psychol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.00100"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-4694(98)00071-6","article-title":"Perception of motion and qEEG activity in human adults","volume":"107","author":"Cochin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Himmelberg, M.M., Segala, F.G., Maloney, R.T., Harris, J.M., and Wade, A.R. (2020). Decoding Neural Responses to Motion-in-Depth Using EEG. Front. Neurosci., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.581706"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1167\/19.8.104","article-title":"Using EEG to examine the timecourse of motion-in-depth perception","volume":"19","author":"Wade","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vis."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, B., Yuan, H., Meng, J., and Gao, S. (2020). Brain\u2013Computer Interfaces. Neural Engineering, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-43395-6_4"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-62180-y","article-title":"Interaction between steady-state visually evoked potentials at nearby flicker frequencies","volume":"10","author":"Salelkar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, Y., Yin, M., and Jiao, B. (2020, January 11\u201314). InceptionSSVEP: A Multi-Scale Convolutional Neural Network for Steady-State Visual Evoked Potential Classification. Proceedings of the IEEE 6th International Conference on Computer and Communications (ICCC), Chengdu, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCC51575.2020.9345194"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2009.11.005","article-title":"Steady-state visually evoked potentials: Focus on essential paradigms and future perspectives","volume":"90","author":"Vialatte","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomas, J., Maszczyk, T., Sinha, N., Kluge, T., and Dauwels, J. (2017, January 5\u20138). Deep learning-based classification for brain-computer interfaces. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC), Banff, AB, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/SMC.2017.8122608"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwak, N.-S., M\u00fcller, K.-R., and Lee, S.-W. (2017). A convolutional neural network for steady state visual evoked potential classification under ambulatory environment. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0172578"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"1449","article-title":"Using convolutional neural networks to recognize rhythm stimuli from electroencephalography recordings","volume":"2","author":"Stober","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn750","article-title":"Through the eye, slowly; Delays and localization errors in the visual system","volume":"3","author":"Schlag","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"1208","article-title":"Brain Wave Classification and Feature Extraction of EEG Signal by Using FFT on Lab View","volume":"3","author":"Jaswal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Res. J. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Ioffe, S., and Szegedy, C. (2015, January 6\u201311). Batch normalization: Accelerating deep network training by reducing internal covariate shift. Proceedings of the 32nd International Conference on Machine Learning, Lille, France."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wen, Z., Xu, R., and Du, J. (2017, January 15\u201317). A novel convolutional neural networks for emotion recognition based on EEG signal. Proceedings of the International Conference on Security, Pattern Analysis, and Cybernetics (SPAC), Shenzhen, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/SPAC.2017.8304360"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.2114\/jpa2.26.373","article-title":"Effects of object color stimuli on human brain activities in perception and attention referred to EEG alpha band response","volume":"26","author":"Yoto","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Anthropol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Specker, E., Forster, M., Brinkmann, H., Boddy, J., Immelmann, B., Goller, J., Pelowski, M., Rosenberg, R., and Leder, H. (2020). Warm, lively, rough? Assessing agreement on aesthetic effects of artworks. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0232083"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1080\/00913367.2014.967423","article-title":"Using Eye Tracking to Understand the Effects of Brand Placement Disclosure Types in Television Programs","volume":"44","author":"Boerman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Advert."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.09.062","article-title":"Correlating the alpha rhythm to BOLD using simultaneous EEG\/fMRI: Inter-subject variability","volume":"30","author":"Pouwels","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"2145","article-title":"Electroencephalogram-based scaling of multifocal visual evoked potentials: Effect on intersubject amplitude variability","volume":"42","author":"Klistorner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7869","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0113-09.2009","article-title":"The phase of ongoing EEG oscillations predicts visual perception","volume":"29","author":"Busch","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2010","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhm229","article-title":"Spontaneous Fluctuations in Posterior Band EEG Activity Reflect Variability in Excitability of Human Visual Areas","volume":"18","author":"Romei","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogbrainres.2004.03.009","article-title":"Alpha rhythm of the EEG modulates visual detection performance in humans","volume":"20","author":"Ergenoglu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cogn. Brain Res."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/14\/4695\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:28:11Z","timestamp":1760164091000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/14\/4695"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,9]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s21144695"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21144695","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,9]]}}}