{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T13:17:09Z","timestamp":1775913429784,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,10]],"date-time":"2021-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The paper presents the development of the IMUMETER sensor, designed to study the dynamics of aircraft movement, in particular, to measure the ground performance of the aircraft. A motivation of this study was to develop a sensor capable of airplane motion measurement, especially for airfield performance, takeoff and landing. The IMUMETER sensor was designed on the basis of the method of artificial neural networks. The use of a neural network is justified by the fact that the automation of the measurement of the airplane\u2019s ground distance during landing based on acceleration data is possible thanks to the recognition of the touchdown and stopping points, using artificial intelligence. The hardware is based on a single-board computer that works with the inertial navigation platform and a satellite navigation sensor. In the development of the IMUMETER device, original software solutions were developed and tested. The paper describes the development of the Convolution Neural Network, including the learning process based on the measurement results during flight tests of the PZL 104 Wilga 35A aircraft. The ground distance of the test airplane during landing on a grass runway was calculated using the developed neural network model. Additionally included are exemplary measurements of the landing distance of the test airplane during landing on a grass runway. The results obtained in this study can be useful in the development of artificial intelligence-based sensors, especially those for the measurement and analysis of aircraft flight dynamics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21144726","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,11]],"date-time":"2021-07-11T22:16:48Z","timestamp":1626041808000},"page":"4726","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["IMUMETER\u2014A Convolution Neural Network-Based Sensor for Measurement of Aircraft Ground Performance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5474-3585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaros\u0142aw Alexander","family":"Pytka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 36, 20-618 Lublin, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9630-3003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Budzy\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 36, 20-618 Lublin, Poland"}]},{"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Tomi\u0142o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 36, 20-618 Lublin, Poland"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Micha\u0142owska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute of Technical Sciences and Aviation, The State School of Higher Education, 22-100 Che\u0142m, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6633-8395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ernest","family":"Gnapowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Technical Sciences, University College of Administration and Enterprise, 20-150 Lublin, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2532-5704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dariusz","family":"B\u0142a\u017cejczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Construction and Usage of Technical Devices, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 70-310 Szczecin, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0373-4803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej","family":"\u0141ukaszewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Raymer, D. 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