{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T19:13:32Z","timestamp":1780773212662,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,11]],"date-time":"2021-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 106-2221-E-038-007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 106-2221-E-038-007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 108-2221-E-038-012-MY2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 108-2221-E-038-012-MY2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 110-2221-E-038-016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 110-2221-E-038-016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Taipei Medical University \u2013Shuang Ho Hospital","award":["105TMU-SHH-13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["105TMU-SHH-13"]}]},{"name":"Taipei Medical University \u2013Shuang Ho Hospital","award":["106TMU-SHH-12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["106TMU-SHH-12"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Stroke results in paretic limb disabilities, but few studies have investigated the impacts of stroke on muscle perception deficits in multiaxis movements and related functional changes. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate stroke-related changes in muscle perceptions using a multiaxis ankle haptic interface and analyze their relationships with various functions. Sixteen stroke patients and 22 healthy participants performed active reproduction tests in multiaxis movements involving the tibialis anterior (TA), extensor digitorum longus (EDL), peroneus longus, and flexor digitorum longus (FDL) of the ankle joint. The direction error (DE), absolute error (AE), and variable error (VE) were calculated. The lower extremity of Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA-LE), Barthel Index (BI), Postural Assessment Scale for Stroke Patients, Tinetti Performance-Oriented Mobility Assessment (POMA), and 10-m walk test (10MWT) were evaluated. VE of EDL for the paretic ankle was significantly lower than that for the nonparetic ankle (p = 0.009). AE of TA, EDL, and FDL and VE of EDL and FDL of muscle perceptions were significantly lower in healthy participants than in stroke patients (p &lt; 0.05 for both). DE of TA for the paretic ankle was moderately correlated with FMA-LE (r = \u22120.509) and POMA (r = \u22120.619) scores. AE and VE of EDL for the paretic ankle were moderately correlated with the 10MWT score (r = 0.515 vs. 0.557). AE of FDL for the paretic ankle was also moderately correlated with BI (r = \u22120.562). This study indicated poorer accuracy and consistency in muscle perception for paretic ankles, which correlated with lower limb functions of stroke patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21144740","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,11]],"date-time":"2021-07-11T22:16:48Z","timestamp":1626041808000},"page":"4740","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Impacts of Stroke on Muscle Perceptions and Relationships with the Motor and Functional Performance of the Lower Extremities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Wan-Ju","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Master Program in Long-Term Care, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li-Fong","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1210-626X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shang-Lin","family":"Chiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Tri-Service General Hospital, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang-Hsuan","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy and Assistive Technology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao-Ying","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9952-6202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chueh-Ho","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Master Program in Long-Term Care, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"},{"name":"Center for Nursing and Healthcare Research in Clinical Practice Application, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lpm.2016.10.003","article-title":"Epidemiology of stroke in Europe and trends for the 21st century","volume":"45","author":"Bejot","year":"2016","journal-title":"Presse Med."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"11","article-title":"European cardiovascular disease statistics","volume":"3","author":"Allender","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. 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