{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T17:58:17Z","timestamp":1764784697732,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]],"date-time":"2021-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The International Visegrad Fund","award":["2312192029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2312192029"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gamification is known to enhance users\u2019 participation in education and research projects that follow the citizen science paradigm. The Cosmic Ray Extremely Distributed Observatory (CREDO) experiment is designed for the large-scale study of various radiation forms that continuously reach the Earth from space, collectively known as cosmic rays. The CREDO Detector app relies on a network of involved users and is now working worldwide across phones and other CMOS sensor-equipped devices. To broaden the user base and activate current users, CREDO extensively uses the gamification solutions like the periodical Particle Hunters Competition. However, the adverse effect of gamification is that the number of artefacts, i.e., signals unrelated to cosmic ray detection or openly related to cheating, substantially increases. To tag the artefacts appearing in the CREDO database we propose the method based on machine learning. The approach involves training the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to recognise the morphological difference between signals and artefacts. As a result we obtain the CNN-based trigger which is able to mimic the signal vs. artefact assignments of human annotators as closely as possible. To enhance the method, the input image signal is adaptively thresholded and then transformed using Daubechies wavelets. In this exploratory study, we use wavelet transforms to amplify distinctive image features. As a result, we obtain a very good recognition ratio of almost 99% for both signal and artefacts. The proposed solution allows eliminating the manual supervision of the competition process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21144804","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]],"date-time":"2021-07-14T10:13:42Z","timestamp":1626257622000},"page":"4804","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["CNN-Based Classifier as an Offline Trigger for the CREDO Experiment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3699-9955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Piekarczyk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Computer Science, Pedagogical University of Krakow, 30-084 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0581-5423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olaf","family":"Bar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Computer Science, Pedagogical University of Krakow, 30-084 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6117-4894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Bibrzycki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Computer Science, Pedagogical University of Krakow, 30-084 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2830-9133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Nied\u017awiecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computer Science and Telecommunications, Cracow University of Technology, 31-155 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6834-2344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Rzecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5490-0835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u0142awomir","family":"Stuglik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-342 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1614-4124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Andersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NSCIR, Thornbury, ON N0H2P0, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2104-6687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolay M.","family":"Budnev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Physics Institute, Irkutsk State University, 664003 Irkutsk, Russia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1874-8116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David E.","family":"Alvarez-Castillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-342 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"},{"name":"Bogoliubov Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, JINR, 6 Joliot-Curie St, 141980 Dubna, Russia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6352-5339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K\u00e9vin Almeida","family":"Cheminant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-342 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4853-5974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dariusz","family":"G\u00f3ra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-342 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9331-4388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alok C.","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES), Manora Peak, Nainital 263001, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7113-4709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bohdan","family":"Hnatyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Astronomical Observatory, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, UA-01033 Kyiv, Ukraine"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1956-9948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Homola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-342 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5753-524X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Kami\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-342 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7718-2725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Kasztelan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Astrophysics Division, National Centre for Nuclear Research, 28 Pu\u0142ku Strzelc\u00f3w Kaniowskich 69, 90-558 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4369-5722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marek","family":"Knap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Astroparticle Physics Amateur, 58-170 Dobromierz, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0270-4365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P\u00e9ter","family":"Kov\u00e1cs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Konkoly-Thege Mikl\u00f3s \u00fat 29-33, 1121 Budapest, Hungary"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3977-6514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bartosz","family":"\u0141ozowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7226-1750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justyna","family":"Miszczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-342 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"given":"Alona","family":"Mozgova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Astronomical Observatory, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, UA-01033 Kyiv, Ukraine"}]},{"given":"Vahab","family":"Nazari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Joliot-Curie Street 6, 141980 Dubna, Russia"}]},{"given":"Maciej","family":"Pawlik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5173-881X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mat\u00edas","family":"Rosas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Secondary Education, Highschool No. 65, 12000 Montevideo, Uruguay"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7848-4207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oleksandr","family":"Sushchov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-342 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7291-6136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Smelcerz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computer Science and Telecommunications, Cracow University of Technology, 31-155 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5996-7000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karel","family":"Smolek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Czech Technical University in Prague, Husova 240\/5, 110 00 Prague, Czech Republic"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9284-7000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaros\u0142aw","family":"Stasielak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-342 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2078-0580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tadeusz","family":"Wibig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physics and Applied Informatics, University of Lodz, 90-236 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1171-0887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof W.","family":"Wo\u017aniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-342 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5030-7516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jilberto","family":"Zamora-Saa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Fisicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370251, Chile"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Homola, P., Beznosko, D., Bhatta, G., Bibrzycki, \u0141, Borczy\u0144ska, M., Bratek, \u0141, Budnev, N., Burakowski, D., Alvarez-Castillo, D.E., and Almeida Cheminant, K. 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