{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T06:26:29Z","timestamp":1775802389324,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]],"date-time":"2021-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["108-2221-E-011-072-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["108-2221-E-011-072-MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["108-2221-E-011-071-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["108-2221-E-011-071-MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Conventional ultrasonic coherent plane-wave (PW) compounding corresponds to Delay-and-Sum (DAS) beamforming of low-resolution images from distinct PW transmit angles. Nonetheless, the trade-off between the level of clutter artifacts and the number of PW transmit angle may compromise the image quality in ultrafast acquisition. Delay-Multiply-and-Sum (DMAS) beamforming in the dimension of PW transmit angle is capable of suppressing clutter interference and is readily compatible with the conventional method. In DMAS, a tunable p value is used to modulate the signal coherence estimated from the low-resolution images to produce the final high-resolution output and does not require huge memory allocation to record all the received channel data in multi-angle PW imaging. In this study, DMAS beamforming is used to construct a novel coherence-based power Doppler detection together with the complementary subset transmit (CST) technique to further reduce the noise level. For p = 2.0 as an example, simulation results indicate that the DMAS beamforming alone can improve the Doppler SNR by 8.2 dB compared to DAS counterpart. Another 6-dB increase in Doppler SNR can be further obtained when the CST technique is combined with DMAS beamforming with sufficient ensemble averaging. The CST technique can also be performed with DAS beamforming, though the improvement in Doppler SNR and CNR is relatively minor. Experimental results also agree with the simulations. Nonetheless, since the DMAS beamforming involves multiplicative operation, clutter filtering in the ensemble direction has to be performed on the low-resolution images before DMAS to remove the stationary tissue without coupling from the flow signal.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21144856","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,18]],"date-time":"2021-07-18T21:18:52Z","timestamp":1626643132000},"page":"4856","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["DMAS Beamforming with Complementary Subset Transmit for Ultrasound Coherence-Based Power Doppler Detection in Multi-Angle Plane-Wave Imaging"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4542-4195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Che-Chou","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106335, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5670-4427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yen-Chen","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106335, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1109\/MM.2011.65","article-title":"Medical Ultrasound Imaging: To GPU or Not to GPU?","volume":"31","author":"So","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Micro"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1177\/016173469902100402","article-title":"Time-resolved pulsed elastography with ultrafast ultrasonic imaging","volume":"21","author":"Sandrin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ultrason. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2014.2882","article-title":"Ultrafast imaging in biomedical ultrasound","volume":"61","author":"Tanter","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2009.1067","article-title":"Coherent plane-wave compounding for very high frame rate ultrasonography and transient elastography","volume":"56","author":"Montaldo","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2019.2925282","article-title":"Imaging heart dynamics with ultrafast cascaded-wave ultrasound","volume":"66","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2011.1780","article-title":"Ultrafast compound Doppler imaging: Providing full blood flow characterization","volume":"58","author":"Bercoff","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2012.2203316","article-title":"Ultrafast Doppler imaging of blood flow dynamics in the myocardium","volume":"31","author":"Osmanski","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2013.2621","article-title":"Simultaneous quantification of flow and tissue velocities based on multi-angle plane wave imaging","volume":"60","author":"Ekroll","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2013.2592","article-title":"Functional ultrasound imaging of the brain: Theory and basic principles","volume":"60","author":"Mace","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2014.6722616","article-title":"Real-time vector velocity assessment through multigate Doppler and plane waves","volume":"61","author":"Ricci","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2016.2582514","article-title":"Least-squares multi-angle Doppler estimators for plane-wave vector flow imaging","volume":"63","author":"Yiu","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2015.007010","article-title":"Coherent compounding in Doppler imaging","volume":"62","author":"Ekroll","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2015.06.012","article-title":"Flow velocity mapping using contrast enhanced high-frame-rate plane wave ultrasound and image tracking: Methods and initial in vitro and in vivo evaluation","volume":"41","author":"Leow","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2014.2371235","article-title":"The delay multiply and sum beamforming algorithm in ultrasound b-mode medical imaging","volume":"34","author":"Matrone","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polichetti, M., Varray, F., B\u00e9ra, J.C., Cachard, C., and Nicolas, B. (2018). Nonlinear beamformer based on p-th root compression\u2014Application to plane wave ultrasound imaging. Appl. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/app8040599"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultras.2019.01.010","article-title":"Ultrasound baseband delay-multiply-and-sum (BB-DMAS) nonlinear beamforming","volume":"96","author":"Shen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ultrasonics"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matrone, G., Savoia, A., Caliano, G., and Magenes, G. (2016, January 16\u201320). Ultrasound plane-wave imaging with delay multiply and sum beamforming and coherent compounding. Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), Orlando, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2016.7591415"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen, C.C., and Hsieh, P.Y. (2019). Two-dimensional spatial coherence for ultrasonic DMAS beamforming in multi-angle plane-wave imaging. Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9193973"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.190.3.8115639","article-title":"Power Doppler US: A potentially useful alternative to mean frequency-based color Doppler US","volume":"190","author":"Rubin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.200.1.8657912","article-title":"Power Doppler sonography","volume":"200","author":"Bude","year":"1996","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2014.006793","article-title":"Coherent flow power Doppler (CFPD): Flow detection using spatial coherence beamforming","volume":"62","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1878","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2016.2616112","article-title":"Visualization of small-diameter vessels by reduction of incoherent reverberation with coherent flow power Doppler","volume":"63","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2011.1957","article-title":"Short-lag spatial coherence of backscattered echoes: Imaging characteristics","volume":"58","author":"Lediju","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2015.2428634","article-title":"Spatiotemporal clutter filtering of ultrafast ultrasound data highly increases Doppler and fUltrasound sensitivity","volume":"34","author":"Deffieux","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2015.007032","article-title":"3-D ultrafast Doppler imaging applied to the noninvasive mapping of blood vessels in vivo","volume":"62","author":"Provost","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1109\/58.393111","article-title":"Experimental evaluation of velocity and power estimation for ultrasound blood flow imaging, by means of a two-dimensional autocorrelation approach","volume":"42","author":"Loupas","year":"1995","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2198","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.919","article-title":"Sidelobe suppression in ultrasound imaging using dual apodization with cross-correlation","volume":"55","author":"Seo","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2018.2798158","article-title":"ASAP: Super-contrast vasculature imaging using coherence analysis and high frame-rate contrast enhanced ultrasound","volume":"37","author":"Stanziola","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2019.2906434","article-title":"3-D microvascular imaging using high frame rate ultrasound and ASAP without contrast agents: Development and initial in vivo evaluation on nontumor and tumor models","volume":"66","author":"Leow","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"351","article-title":"FIELD: A program for simulating ultrasound systems","volume":"34","author":"Jensen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Eng. Comput."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1109\/58.139123","article-title":"Calculation of pressure fields from arbitrarily shaped, apodized, and excited ultrasound transducers","volume":"39","author":"Jensen","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2016.2605819","article-title":"Ultrasound small vessel imaging with block-wise adaptive local clutter filtering","volume":"36","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1742","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2018.2878887","article-title":"In vivo visualization of vasculature in adult zebrafish by using high-frequency ultrafast ultrasound imaging","volume":"66","author":"Chang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2017.2699672","article-title":"Improved contrast-enhanced Power Doppler using a coherence-based estimator","volume":"36","author":"Williams","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imag."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/14\/4856\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:30:47Z","timestamp":1760164247000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/14\/4856"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s21144856"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21144856","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]]}}}