{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]],"date-time":"2025-12-20T22:04:40Z","timestamp":1766268280801,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,19]],"date-time":"2021-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010665","name":"H2020 Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["813789"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["813789"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work proposes a change-based segmentation method for applications to cultural heritage (CH) imaging to perform monitoring and assess changes at each surface point. It can be used as a support or component of the 3D sensors to analyze surface geometry changes. In this research, we proposed a new method to identify surface changes employing segmentation based on 3D geometrical data acquired at different time intervals. The geometrical comparison was performed by calculating point-to-point Euclidean distances for each pair of surface points between the target and source geometry models. Four other methods for local distance measurement were proposed and tested. In the segmentation method, we analyze the local histograms of the distances between the measuring points of the source and target models. Then the parameters of these histograms are determined, and predefined classes are assigned to target surface points. The proposed methodology was evaluated by considering two different case studies of restoration issues on CH surfaces and monitoring them over time. The results were presented with a colormap visualization for each category of the detected change in the analysis. The proposed segmentation method will help in the field of conservation and restoration for the documentation and quantification of geometrical surface change information. This analysis can help in decision-making for the assessment of damage and potential prevention of further damage, and the interpretation of measurement results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21144899","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,19]],"date-time":"2021-07-19T10:07:37Z","timestamp":1626689257000},"page":"4899","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Segmentation of Change in Surface Geometry Analysis for Cultural Heritage Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7259-8994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunita","family":"Saha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Micromechanics and Photonics, Faculty of Mechatronics, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. \u015aw. Andrzeja Boboli 8, 02-525 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacek","family":"Martusewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art, Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw, ul. Krakowskie Przedmie\u015bcie 5, 00-068 Warszawa, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"No\u00eblle L. W.","family":"Streeton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Archaeology, Conservation & History, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1072 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8156-5462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Sitnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Micromechanics and Photonics, Faculty of Mechatronics, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. \u015aw. Andrzeja Boboli 8, 02-525 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1080\/00393630.2018.1554934","article-title":"Built-Heritage Multi-temporal Monitoring through Photogrammetry and 2D\/3D Change Detection Algorithms","volume":"64","author":"Dante","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stud. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.5194\/isprsannals-II-5-W3-177-2015","article-title":"Building Information Modelling for Cultural Heritage: A review","volume":"II-5\/W3","author":"Logothetis","year":"2015","journal-title":"ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote. Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sitnik, R., Lech, K., Bunsch, E., and Micho\u0144ski, J. (2019, January 12). Monitoring surface degradation process by 3D structured light scanning. Proceedings of the SPIE 11058, Optics for Arts, Architecture, and Archaeology VII, Munich, Germany.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2525668"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"10","article-title":"Accurate 3D comparison of complex topography with terrestrial laser scanner: Application to the Rangitikei canyon (N-Z)","volume":"82","author":"Lague","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISPRS P&RS"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2019.04.005","article-title":"Monitoring earthen archaeological heritage using multi-temporal terrestrial laser scanning and surface change detection","volume":"39","author":"Nicola","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cult. Herit."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grilli, E., and Remondino, F. (2019). Classification of 3D Digital Heritage. Remote. Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11070847"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W15-821-2019","article-title":"Automatic Heritage Building Point Cloud Segmentation and Classification Using Geometrical Rules","volume":"XLII-2\/W15","author":"Murtiyoso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote. Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aguilar, R., Torrealva, D., Moreira, S., Pando, M.A., and Ramos, L.F. (2019). Evaluation of Primitive Extraction Methods from Point Clouds of Cultural Heritage Buildings. Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions. RILEM Bookseries, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-99441-3"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leal-Taix\u00e9, L., and Roth, S. (2019). Know What Your Neighbors Do: 3D Semantic Segmentation of Point Clouds. Computer Vision\u2013ECCV 2018 Workshops. ECCV 2018. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-11024-6"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2016.2544311","article-title":"Unsupervised Spectral Mesh Segmentation Driven by Heterogeneous Graphs","volume":"39","author":"Theologou","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s10109-017-0245-2","article-title":"Geometric methods for estimating representative sidewalk widths applied to Vienna\u2019s streetscape surfaces database","volume":"19","author":"Brezina","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Syst."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compind.2011.10.002","article-title":"Segmentation of unsorted cloud of points data from full field optical measurement for metrological validation","volume":"63","author":"Sitnik","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Ind."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"338","article-title":"Survey on 3D Surface Reconstruction","volume":"12","author":"Khatamian","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Inf. Process. Systems"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2016.06.012","article-title":"A hybrid edge-based segmentation approach for ultrasound medical images","volume":"31","author":"Gupta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Signal Process. Control."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tchapmi, L., Choy, C., Armeni, I., Gwak, J., and Savarese, S. (2017, January 10\u201312). Segcloud: Semantic Segmentation of 3D Point Clouds. Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on 3D Vision (3DV), Qingdao, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/3DV.2017.00067"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_16.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferrari, V., Hebert, M., Sminchisescu, C., and Weiss, Y. (2018). Fully Convolutional Point Networks for Large-Scale Point 765 Clouds. Computer Vision-ECCV 2018","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-01249-6"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_16.2","unstructured":"ECCV 2018. Lecture 766 Notes in Computer Science, Springer."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"1","article-title":"Learning Local Shape Descriptors from Part Correspondences with Multiview Convolutional Networks","volume":"37","author":"Haibin","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30502-1","DOI":"10.2352\/J.ImagingSci.Technol.2011.55.3.030502","article-title":"Integrated Method for Three-Dimensional Shape and Multispectral Color Measurement","volume":"55","author":"Sitnik","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Imaging Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"476","article-title":"Change Detection in Terrestrial Laser Scanner Data via Point Cloud Correspondence","volume":"4","author":"Tsakiri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Eng. Innov. Research"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, Y., Liang, B., Yang, J., Li, S., and He, J. (2017). An Iterative Closest Points Algorithm for Registration of 3D Laser Scanner Point Clouds with Geometric Features. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17081862"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saha, S., Duda-Maczuga, A., Papanikolaou, A., and Sitnik, R. (2021, January 18). Approach for Identification of Geometry Change on Cultural Heritage Surface. Proceedings of the IS&T International Symposium on Electronic Imaging 2021: 3D Imaging and Applications Proceedings, San Francisco, CA, USA. Online.","DOI":"10.2352\/ISSN.2470-1173.2021.18.3DIA-064"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saha, S., Forys, P., Martusewicz, J., and Sitnik, R. (2020, January 4\u20136). Approach to Analysis the Surface Geometry Change in Cultural Heritage Objects. Proceedings of the ICISP 2020: 9th International Conference on Image and Signal Processing, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Marrakesh, Morocco.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-51935-3_1"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s10182-013-0216-y","article-title":"Bandwidth selection for kernel density estimation: A review of fully automatic selectors","volume":"97","author":"Heidenreich","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Stat. Analysis"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pilario, K.E., Shafiee, M., Cao, Y., Lao, L., and Yang, S.-H. (2020). A Review of Kernel Methods for Feature Extraction in Nonlinear Process Monitoring. Processes, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr8010024"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbu024","article-title":"Kernel methods for large-scale genomic data analysis","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brief. Bioinform."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Silverman, B.W. (1986). Density Estimation for Statistics and Data Analysis, Chapman and Hall. Published in Monographs on Statistics and Applied Probability."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.13382","article-title":"Hierarchical, Three-Dimensional Measurement System for Crime Scene Scanning","volume":"62","author":"Marcin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Forensic. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Theoharis, T., and Papaioannou, G. (2020, May 14). PRESIOUS 3D Cultural Heritage Fragments. Available online: http:\/\/presious.eu\/resources\/3d-data-sets."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Micho\u0144ski, J., Witkowski, M., Glinkowska, B., Sitnik, R., and Glinkowski, W. (2019). Decreased Vertical Trunk Inclination Angle and Pelvic Inclination as the Result of Mid-High-Heeled Footwear on Static Posture Parameters in Asymptomatic Young Adult Women. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16224556"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Domas\u0142owski, W. (2003). Preventive Conservation of Stone Historical Objects, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Miko\u0142aja Kopernika. Chapter 3: Causes of Stone Deterioration."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/14\/4899\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:31:41Z","timestamp":1760164301000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/14\/4899"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,19]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s21144899"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21144899","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,19]]}}}