{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T23:44:04Z","timestamp":1762299844204,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,19]],"date-time":"2021-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To improve the measurement and subsequent use of human skin temperature (Tsk) data, there is a need for practical methods to compare Tsk sensors and to quantify and better understand measurement error. We sought to develop, evaluate, and utilize a skin model with skin-like thermal properties as a tool for benchtop Tsk sensor comparisons and assessments of local temperature disturbance and sensor bias over a range of surface temperatures. Inter-sensor comparisons performed on the model were compared to measurements performed in vivo, where 14 adult males completed an experimental session involving rest and cycling exercise. Three types of Tsk sensors (two of them commercially available and one custom made) were investigated. Skin-model-derived inter-sensor differences were similar (within \u00b10.4 \u00b0C) to the human trial when comparing the two commercial Tsk sensors, but not for the custom Tsk sensor. Using the skin model, all surface Tsk sensors caused a local temperature disturbance with the magnitude and direction dependent upon the sensor and attachment and linearly related to the surface-to-environment temperature gradient. Likewise, surface Tsk sensors also showed bias from both the underlying disturbed surface temperature and that same surface in its otherwise undisturbed state. This work supports the development and use of increasingly realistic benchtop skin models for practical Tsk sensor comparisons and for identifying potential measurement errors, both of which are important for future Tsk sensor design, characterization, correction, and end use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21144906","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,19]],"date-time":"2021-07-19T10:07:37Z","timestamp":1626689257000},"page":"4906","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A Thermal Skin Model for Comparing Contact Skin Temperature Sensors and Assessing Measurement Errors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2077-3978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Braid A.","family":"MacRae","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland"},{"name":"Exercise Physiology Lab, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Centre for Materials Innovation and Future Fashion, School of Fashion and Textiles, RMIT University, Melbourne 3056, Australia"}]},{"given":"Christina M.","family":"Spengler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise Physiology Lab, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Agnes","family":"Psikuta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0946-682X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ren\u00e9 M.","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8192-1391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon","family":"Annaheim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-9351(67)90002-3","article-title":"Comfort and thermal sensations and associated physiological responses at various ambient temperatures","volume":"1","author":"Gagge","year":"1967","journal-title":"Environ. 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