{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T15:19:43Z","timestamp":1775229583163,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]],"date-time":"2021-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Shear horizontal surface acoustic wave (SH-SAW) biosensors measure the reaction of capture antibodies immobilized on the sensing surface to capture test molecules (antigens) by using the change in SH-SAW propagation characteristics. SH-SAW displacement exists not only on the SH-SAW propagating surface, but also partially penetrates the specimen liquid to a certain depth, which is determined by the liquid properties of the specimen and the operating frequency of the SH-SAW. This phenomenon is called viscosity penetration. In previous studies, the effect of viscosity penetration was not considered in the measurement of SH-SAW biosensors, and the mass or viscosity change caused by the specific binding of capture antibodies to the target antigen was mainly used for the measurement. However, by considering the effect of viscosity penetration, it was found that the antigen\u2013antibody reaction could be measured and the detection characteristics of the biosensor could be improved. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the detection properties of SH-SAW biosensors in the surface height direction by investigating the relationship between molecular dimensions and SH-SAW propagation characteristics, which are pseudo-changed by varying the diameter of gold nanoparticles. For the evaluation, we introduced a layer parameter defined by the ratio of the SH-SAW amplitude change to the SH-SAW velocity change caused by the antigen\u2013antibody reaction. We found a correlation between the layer parameter and pseudo-varied molecular dimensions. The results suggest that SH-SAW does not only measure the mass and viscosity but can also measure the size of the molecule to be detected. This shows that SH-SAW biosensors can be used for advanced functionality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21144924","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]],"date-time":"2021-07-20T05:10:59Z","timestamp":1626757859000},"page":"4924","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Evaluation of Shear Horizontal Surface Acoustic Wave Biosensors Using \u201cLayer Parameter\u201d Obtained from Sensor Responses during Immunoreaction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Koji","family":"Kano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Japan Radio Co., Ltd., 834 Inasatomachi Nagano-shi, Nagono 381-2289, Japan"},{"name":"Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiromi","family":"Yatsuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japan Radio Co., Ltd., 834 Inasatomachi Nagano-shi, Nagono 381-2289, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3575-5959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Kondoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moriizumi, T., Unno, Y., and Shiokawa, S. (1987, January 14\u201316). New Sensor in Liquid Using Leaky SAW. Proceedings of the IEEE 1987 Ultrasonics Symposium, Denver, CO, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ULTSYM.1987.199023"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2018.10.128","article-title":"A high sensitive SH-SAW biosensor based 36\u00b0 Y-X black LiTaO3 for label-free detection of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa","volume":"281","author":"Ji","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11971","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-11887-6","article-title":"Towards an ultra-rapid smartphone-connected test for infectious diseases","volume":"7","author":"Gray","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-018-0041-5","article-title":"Ultra-rapid, sensitive and specific digital diagnosis of HIV with a dual-channel SAW biosensor in a pilot clinical study","volume":"1","author":"Gray","year":"2018","journal-title":"Digit. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2018.06.040","article-title":"Coupled resonance in SH-SAW resonator with S1813 micro-ridges for high mass sensitivity biosensing applications","volume":"273","author":"Trivedi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1038\/s41378-019-0118-6","article-title":"An aptamer-based shear horizontal surface acoustic wave biosensor with a CVD-grown single-layered graphene film for high-sensitivity detection of a label-free endotoxin","volume":"6","author":"Ji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microsyst. Nanoeng."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goto, M., Iijima, O., Kogai, T., and Yatsuda, H. (2010, January 11\u201314). Point-of-Care SH-SAW Biosensor. Proceedings of the IEEE 2010 Ultrasonics Symposium, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ULTSYM.2010.5935551"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kano, K., Kogai, T., Yatsuda, H., Liu, S., Huang, Y.-Q., Huang, Y.-T., and Chen, P. (2018, January 22\u201325). Evaluation of SH-SAW Biosensor in Whole Blood. Proceedings of the IEEE 2018 Ultrasonics Symposium, Kobe, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ULTSYM.2018.8580094"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123502","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5142673","article-title":"30 GHz surface acoustic wave transducers with extremely high mass sensitivity","volume":"116","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.0c00259","article-title":"Ultrahigh-Frequency Surface Acoustic Wave Sensors with Giant Mass-Loading Effects on Electrodes","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39817","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c09962","article-title":"Ultrathin Glass-Based Flexible, Transparent, and Ultrasensitive Surface Acoustic Wave Humidity Sensor with ZnO Nanowires and Graphene Quantum Dots","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kano, K., Yatsuda, H., and Kondoh, J. (2019, January 6\u20139). Evaluation of Detectable Depth on SH-SAW Biosensor using Antibody, Antigen, and Secondary Antibody Complexes. Proceedings of the IEEE 2019 Ultrasonics Symposium, Glasgow, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/ULTSYM.2019.8925760"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2009.02.050","article-title":"Parametric study of SH-SAW device response to various types of surface perturbations","volume":"138","author":"Mitsakakis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Wild, D., John, R., Sheehan, C., Binder, S., and He, J. (2013). The Immunoassay Handbook, Elsevier. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2006.01.018","article-title":"Measurement of Dimensions of Pentagonal Doughnut-Shaped C-Reactive Protein using an Atomic Force Microscope and a Dual Polarization Interferometric Biosensor","volume":"22","author":"Lin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scient.2011.11.028","article-title":"High Resolution Imaging of IgG and IgM Molecules by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy in Air Condition","volume":"18","author":"Saber","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci. Iran. F"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2374","DOI":"10.1021\/nn800508f","article-title":"A Nanoengineering Approach for Investigation and Regulation of Protein Immobilization","volume":"2","author":"Tan","year":"2008","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Berg, J., Tymoczko, J., and Stryer, L. (2012). Biochemistry, W. H. Freeman and Company. [7th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2017.04.073","article-title":"A gold nanoparticle-assisted sensitive SAW (surface acoustic wave) immunosensor with a regnerateable surface for monitoring of dust mite allergens","volume":"249","author":"Toma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"083702","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5041465","article-title":"Increase in detection sensitivity of surface acoustic wave biosensor using triple transit echo wave","volume":"113","author":"Choi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2017.04.012","article-title":"Gold nanoparticle-based low limit of detection Love wave biosensor for carcinoembryonic antigens","volume":"95","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.9b01869","article-title":"AuNP-Amplified Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor for the Quantification of Exosomes","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbsr.2016.04.002","article-title":"Various methods of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) conjugation to antibodies","volume":"9","author":"Jazayeri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sens. Bio-Sens. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1109\/TSU.1970.7404095","article-title":"Propagation of Surface Waves at the Boundary between a Piezoelectric Crystal and a Fluid Medium","volume":"17","author":"Campbell","year":"1970","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Sonics Ultrason."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2881","DOI":"10.1021\/ac971006i","article-title":"Viscoelastic Behavior of Antibody Films on a Shear Horizontal Acoustic Surface Wave Sensor","volume":"70","author":"Weiss","year":"1998","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"07HD02","DOI":"10.7567\/JJAP.54.07HD02","article-title":"Effect of viscoelastic film for shear horizontal surface acoustic wave on quartz","volume":"54","author":"Goto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Appl. Phys."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/14\/4924\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:32:08Z","timestamp":1760164328000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/14\/4924"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s21144924"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21144924","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]]}}}