{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T06:38:26Z","timestamp":1781073506119,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]],"date-time":"2021-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Smart home applications are ubiquitous and have gained popularity due to the overwhelming use of Internet of Things (IoT)-based technology. The revolution in technologies has made homes more convenient, efficient, and even more secure. The need for advancement in smart home technology is necessary due to the scarcity of intelligent home applications that cater to several aspects of the home simultaneously, i.e., automation, security, safety, and reducing energy consumption using less bandwidth, computation, and cost. Our research work provides a solution to these problems by deploying a smart home automation system with the applications mentioned above over a resource-constrained Raspberry Pi (RPI) device. The RPI is used as a central controlling unit, which provides a cost-effective platform for interconnecting a variety of devices and various sensors in a home via the Internet. We propose a cost-effective integrated system for smart home based on IoT and Edge-Computing paradigm. The proposed system provides remote and automatic control to home appliances, ensuring security and safety. Additionally, the proposed solution uses the edge-computing paradigm to store sensitive data in a local cloud to preserve the customer\u2019s privacy. Moreover, visual and scalar sensor-generated data are processed and held over edge device (RPI) to reduce bandwidth, computation, and storage cost. In the comparison with state-of-the-art solutions, the proposed system is 5% faster in detecting motion, and 5 ms and 4 ms in switching relay on and off, respectively. It is also 6% more efficient than the existing solutions with respect to energy consumption.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21144932","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]],"date-time":"2021-07-20T11:26:10Z","timestamp":1626780370000},"page":"4932","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":167,"title":["Towards Smart Home Automation Using IoT-Enabled Edge-Computing Paradigm"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0774-4067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hikmat","family":"Yar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Digital Image Processing Laboratory, Islamia College Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2416-2878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali Shariq","family":"Imran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Colour and Visual Computing Laboratory, Department of Computer Science (IDI), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 2815 Gj\u00f8vik, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3797-9649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zulfiqar Ahmad","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intelligent Media Laboratory, Digital Contents Research Institute, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Sajjad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digital Image Processing Laboratory, Islamia College Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan"},{"name":"Norwegian Colour and Visual Computing Laboratory, Department of Computer Science (IDI), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 2815 Gj\u00f8vik, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0199-2377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zenun","family":"Kastrati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Informatics, Linnaeus University, 351 95 V\u00e4xj\u00f6, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"97","article-title":"That \u2018internet of things\u2019 thing","volume":"22","author":"Ashton","year":"2009","journal-title":"RFID J."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"The internet of everything: How more relevant and valuable connections will change the world","volume":"2012","author":"Evans","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cisco IBSG"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2017.03.034","article-title":"Smart City and IoT","volume":"76","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482873","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/482873","article-title":"Web-of-objects based user-centric semantic service composition methodology in the internet of things","volume":"10","author":"Ara","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Fielding, R.T., and Taylor, R.N. (2000). Architectural Styles and the Design of Network-Based Software Architectures, Irvine. [Doctoral Dissertation, University of California]."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romero, D., Hermosillo, G., Taherkordi, A., Nzekwa, R., Rouvoy, R., and Eliassen, F. (2010). Restful integration of heterogeneous devices in pervasive environments. IFIP International Conference on Distributed Applications and Interoperable Systems, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-13645-0_1"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bassi, A., Bauer, M., Kramp, M.F.T., Kranenburg, R., and Meissner, S.L.S. (2013). Enabling Things to Talk, Springer Nature.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-40403-0"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40163-017-0064-2","article-title":"Domestic burglary drop and the security hypothesis","volume":"6","author":"Tseloni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crime Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2018.08.019","article-title":"Stochastic interval-based optimal offering model for residential energy management systems by household owners","volume":"5","author":"Gazafroudi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2016.03.047","article-title":"Smart home energy management systems: Concept, configurations, and scheduling strategies","volume":"61","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Sbci, U. (2009). Buildings and climate change: Summary for decision-makers. Sustainable Buildings and Climate Initiative, United Nations Environmental Programme."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Birol, F. (2021, July 10). World Energy Outlook. Available online: https:\/\/www.iea.org\/reports\/world-energy-outlook-2010."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1109\/TCE.2009.5174403","article-title":"A zigbee-based home automation system","volume":"55","author":"Gill","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Consum. Electron."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"11","article-title":"Design and implementation of a reliable wireless Real-Time home automation system based on Arduino uno single-board microcontroller","volume":"3","author":"Abosolaiman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Control. Autom. Syst."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jan, H., Yar, H., Iqbal, J., Farman, H., Khan, Z., and Koubaa, A. (2020, January 3\u20135). Raspberry Pi Assisted Safety System for Elderly People: An Application of Smart Home. Proceedings of the 2020 First International Conference of Smart Systems and Emerging Technologies (SMARTTECH), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.","DOI":"10.1109\/SMART-TECH49988.2020.00046"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"343","article-title":"Home Automation Using IoT","volume":"Volume 172","author":"Balas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Recent Trends and Advances in Artificial Intelligence and Internet of Things"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"5","article-title":"Internet of things: Ubiquitous home control and monitoring system using android based smart phone","volume":"2","author":"Piyare","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Internet Things"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"83","article-title":"Smart home-control and monitoring system using smart phone","volume":"24","author":"Piyare","year":"2013","journal-title":"ICCA ASTL."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"1","article-title":"The internet of things: How the next evolution of the internet is changing everything","volume":"1","author":"Evans","year":"2011","journal-title":"CISCO White Pap."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1109\/MIC.2009.143","article-title":"Smart objects as building blocks for the internet of things","volume":"14","author":"Kortuem","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Comput."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Fox, A., Katz, R., Konwinski, A., and Lee, G. (2021, July 17). Above the Clouds: A Berkeley View of Cloud Computing. Technical Report UCB\/EECS-2009-28, EECS Department, University of California. Available online: https:\/\/www2.eecs.berkeley.edu\/Pubs\/TechRpts\/2009\/EECS-2009-28.html."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1109\/MPRV.2009.82","article-title":"The Case for VM-based Cloudlets in Mobile Computing","volume":"8","author":"Satyanarayanan","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Pervasive Comput."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonomi, F., Milito, R., Natarajan, P., and Zhu, J. (2014). Fog Computing: A platform for internet of things and analytics. Big Data and Internet of Things: A Roadmap for Smart Environments, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-05029-4_7"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-cps.2017.0010","article-title":"Enabling cyber-physical communication in 5G cellular networks: Challenges, spatial spectrum sensing, and cyber-security","volume":"2","author":"Atat","year":"2017","journal-title":"IET Cyber-Physical Syst. Theory Appl."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2016.2550538","article-title":"Big Data Meet Green Challenges: Greening Big Data","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Syst. J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcan.2017.07.001","article-title":"Edge computing technologies for Internet of Things: A primer","volume":"4","author":"Ai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Digit. Commun. Networks"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"15","article-title":"Home automation system via internet using Android phone","volume":"6","author":"Bhoyar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Res. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adriansyah, A., and Dani, A.W. (2014, January 27\u201328). Design of Small Smart Home system based on Arduino. Proceedings of the 2014 Electrical Power, Electronics, Communicatons, Control and Informatics Seminar (EECCIS), Malang, Indonesia.","DOI":"10.1109\/EECCIS.2014.7003731"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baraka, K., Ghobril, M., Malek, S., Kanj, R., and Kayssi, A. (2013, January 5\u20137). Low Cost Arduino\/Android-Based Energy-Efficient Home Automation System with Smart Task Scheduling. Proceedings of the 2013 Fifth International Conference on Computational Intelligence, Communication Systems and Networks, Madrid, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/CICSYN.2013.47"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"37","article-title":"Design and Implementation of a Home Automated System based on Arduino, Zigbee and Android","volume":"97","author":"Yusuf","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piyare, R., and Tazil, M. (2011, January 14\u201317). Bluetooth based home automation system using cell phone. Proceedings of the Consumer Electronics (ISCE), 2011 IEEE 15th International Symposium, Singapore.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCE.2011.5973811"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinter, J.M., Czap, L., and Marton, L.K. (2018, January 28\u201331). Development of speech-based interface for smart home systems. Proceedings of the 2018 19th International Carpathian Control Conference (ICCC), Szilvasvarad, Hungary.","DOI":"10.1109\/CarpathianCC.2018.8399654"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"11","article-title":"Smart Voice Recognition Based Home Automation System for Aging and Disabled People","volume":"5","author":"Ravi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Sci. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarijari, M.A.B., Rashid, R.A., Rahim, M.R.A., and Mahalin, N.H. (2008, January 26\u201328). Wireless home security and automation system utilizing zigbee based multi-hop communication. Proceedings of the Telecommunication Technologies 2008 and 2008 2nd Malaysia Conference on Photonics. NCTT-MCP 2008. 6th National Conference, Putrajaya, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/NCTT.2008.4814280"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2018.08.198","article-title":"Design of Smart Home Security System using Object Recognition and PIR Sensor","volume":"135","author":"Surantha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahanger, T.A., Tariq, U., Ibrahim, A., Ullah, I., and Bouterra, Y. (2020). IoT-Inspired Framework of Intruder Detection for Smart Home Security Systems. Electronics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics9091361"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, Z.A., Hussain, T., Ullah, A., Rho, S., Lee, M., and Baik, S.W. (2020). Towards Efficient Electricity Forecasting in Residential and Commercial Buildings: A Novel Hybrid CNN with a LSTM-AE based Framework. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20051399"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, Z.A., Ullah, A., Ullah, W., Rho, S., Lee, M., and Baik, S.W. (2020). Electrical Energy Prediction in Residential Buildings for Short-Term Horizons Using Hybrid Deep Learning Strategy. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10238634"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1080\/09613218.2017.1301707","article-title":"Smart technology in the home: Time for more clarity","volume":"46","author":"Darby","year":"2018","journal-title":"Build. Res. Inf."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Australian Energy Market Commission (AEMC) (2021, July 17). Power of Choice Review-Giving Consumers Options in the Way They Use Electricity, Available online: https:\/\/www.aemc.gov.au\/sites\/default\/files\/content\/2b566f4a-3c27-4b9d-9ddb-1652a691d469\/Final-report.pdf."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1109\/TCE.2014.6851994","article-title":"Smart home energy management system including renewable energy based on ZigBee and PLC","volume":"60","author":"Han","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Consum. Electron."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2014.2349352","article-title":"Optimal smart home energy management considering energy saving and a comfortable lifestyle","volume":"6","author":"Monsef","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Smart Grid"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ringel, M., Laidi, R., and Djenouri, D. (2019). Multiple benefits through smart home energy management solutions\u2014A simulation-based case study of a single-family-house in algeria and Germany. Energies, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/en12081537"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1145\/1721654.1721672","article-title":"A view of cloud computing","volume":"53","author":"Armbrust","year":"2010","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Jin, J., Yuan, D., Palaniswami, M., and Moessner, K. (2015, January 18\u201320). EHOPES: Data-centered Fog platform for smart living. Proceedings of the 2015 International Telecommunication Networks and Applications Conference (ITNAC), Sydney, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ATNAC.2015.7366831"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2015.2471260","article-title":"Energy management-as-a-service over fog computing platform","volume":"3","author":"Vatanparvar","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3057266","article-title":"Fog computing for sustainable smart cities: A survey","volume":"50","author":"Perera","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv. (CSUR)"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yi, S., Qin, Z., and Li, Q. (2015). Security and Privacy Issues of Fog Computing: A Survey. International Conference on Wireless Algorithms, Systems, and Applications, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-21837-3_67"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3302","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2677520","article-title":"A lightweight privacy-preserving data aggregation scheme for fog computing-enhanced IoT","volume":"5","author":"Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amadeo, M., Giordano, A., Mastroianni, C., and Molinaro, A. (2019). On the Integration of Information Centric Networking and Fog Computing for Smart Home Services. The Internet of Things for Smart Urban Ecosystems, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-96550-5_4"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1145\/514183.514185","article-title":"Principled design of the modern Web architecture","volume":"2","author":"Fielding","year":"2002","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Internet Technol. (TOIT)"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thangavel, D., Ma, X., Valera, A., Tan, H.-X., and Tan, C.K.-Y. (2014, January 21\u201324). Performance evaluation of MQTT and CoAP via a common middleware. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Ninth International Conference on Intelligent Sensors, Sensor Networks and Information Processing (ISSNIP), Singapore.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSNIP.2014.6827678"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Vinh, P., Dung, P.X., Tien, P.T., Hang, T.T.T., Duc, T.H., and Nhat, T.D. (2021). Smart Home Security System Using Biometric Recognition. International Conference on Internet of Things as a Service, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-67514-1_33"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Froiz-M\u00edguez, I., Fern\u00e1ndez-Caram\u00e9s, T.M., Fraga-Lamas, P., and Castedo, L. (2018). Design, implementation and practical evaluation of an IoT home automation system for fog computing applications based on MQTT and ZigBee-WiFi sensor nodes. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18082660"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nedelcu, A.-V., Sandu, F., Machedon-Pisu, M., Alexandru, M., and Ogrutan, P. (2009, January 6\u20137). Wireless-based remote monitoring and control of intelligent buildings. Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE International Workshop on Robotic and Sensors Environments 2009, Lecco, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/ROSE.2009.5355999"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/14\/4932\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:32:15Z","timestamp":1760164335000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/14\/4932"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s21144932"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21144932","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]]}}}