{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T19:10:49Z","timestamp":1778785849447,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]],"date-time":"2021-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["MOST 108-2625-M-492-008, MOST 109-2625-M-002-001, and MOST 109-2625-M-492 -009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 108-2625-M-492-008, MOST 109-2625-M-002-001, and MOST 109-2625-M-492 -009"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Scour around bridge piers remains the leading cause of bridge failure induced in flood. Floods and torrential rains erode riverbeds and damage cross-river structures, causing bridge collapse and a severe threat to property and life. Reductions in bridge-safety capacity need to be monitored during flood periods to protect the traveling public. In the present study, a scour monitoring system designed with vibration-based arrayed sensors consisting of a combination of Internet of Things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI) is developed and implemented to obtain real-time scour depth measurements. These vibration-based micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) sensors are packaged in a waterproof stainless steel ball within a rebar cage to resist a harsh environment in floods. The floodwater-level changes around the bridge pier are performed using real-time CCTV images by the Mask R-CNN deep learning model. The scour-depth evolution is simulated using the hydrodynamic model with the selected local scour formulas and the sediment transport equation. The laboratory and field measurement results demonstrated the success of the early warning system for monitoring the real-time bridge scour-depth evolution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21144942","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]],"date-time":"2021-07-20T11:26:10Z","timestamp":1626780370000},"page":"4942","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["The Artificial Intelligence of Things Sensing System of Real-Time Bridge Scour Monitoring for Early Warning during Floods"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6604-2954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yung-Bin","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering, Taipei 106, Taiwan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0826-1435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fong-Zuo","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hydrotech Research Institute, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Kuo-Chun","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4168-3090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jihn-Sung","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hydrotech Research Institute, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3449-6780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shi-Wei","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for High-Performance Computing, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Jyh-Horng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for High-Performance Computing, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2618-3832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tzu-Kang","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1150","article-title":"Analysis of recent bridge failures in the United States","volume":"17","author":"Wardhana","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. 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