{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,19]],"date-time":"2026-07-19T02:58:16Z","timestamp":1784429896855,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,21]],"date-time":"2021-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A short time after the official launch of WiFi 6, IEEE 802.11 working groups along with the WiFi Alliance are already designing its successor in the wireless local area network (WLAN) ecosystem: WiFi 7. With the IEEE 802.11be amendment as one of its main constituent parts, future WiFi 7 aims to include time-sensitive networking (TSN) capabilities to support low latency and ultra-reliability in license-exempt spectrum bands, enabling many new Internet of Things scenarios. This article first introduces the key features of IEEE 802.11be, which are then used as the basis to discuss how TSN functionalities could be implemented in WiFi 7. Finally, the benefits and requirements of the most representative Internet of Things low-latency use cases for WiFi 7 are reviewed: multimedia, healthcare, industrial, and transport.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21154954","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,22]],"date-time":"2021-07-22T22:37:14Z","timestamp":1626993434000},"page":"4954","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":125,"title":["Time-Sensitive Networking in IEEE 802.11be: On the Way to Low-Latency WiFi 7"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9789-9777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toni","family":"Adame","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Carrer de Roc Boronat 138, 08018 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4387-4192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc","family":"Carrascosa-Zamacois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Carrer de Roc Boronat 138, 08018 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7826-3703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Boris","family":"Bellalta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Carrer de Roc Boronat 138, 08018 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23022","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2970118","article-title":"Internet of things (IoT) for next-generation smart systems: A review of current challenges, future trends and prospects for emerging 5G-IoT scenarios","volume":"8","author":"Shafique","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Meng, K., Jones, A., Cavalcanti, D., Iyer, K., Ji, C., Sakoda, K., Kishida, A., Hsu, F., Yee, J., and Li, L. (2021, June 16). IEEE 802.11-19\/2009r6: IEEE 802.11 Real Time Applications TIG Report. Available online: https:\/\/mentor.ieee.org\/802.11\/dcn\/18\/11-18-2009-06-0rta-rta-report-draft.docx."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOMSTD.2018.1700076","article-title":"Introduction to time-sensitive networking","volume":"2","author":"Finn","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Stand. Mag."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2021, June 16). IEEE P802.11be Task Group (TGbe). Available online: http:\/\/www.ieee802.org\/11\/Reports\/tgbe_update.htm."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2016.7422404","article-title":"IEEE 802.11 ax: High-efficiency WLANs","volume":"23","author":"Bellalta","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1109\/MVT.2019.2920204","article-title":"IEEE 802.11 be: Extremely High Throughput [Standards]","volume":"14","author":"Au","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Veh. Technol. Mag."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Mildner, A. (2021, June 16). Time Sensitive Networking for Wireless Networks\u2014A State of the Art Analysis. Seminar IITM WS 18\/19, Network Architectures and Services. Available online: https:\/\/www.net.in.tum.de\/fileadmin\/TUM\/NET\/NET-2019-06-1\/NET-2019-06-1_07.pdf."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Thubert, P., Cavalcanti, D., Vilajosana, X., Schmitt, C., and Farkas, J. (2021, June 16). Reliable and Available Wireless Technologies. Available online: https:\/\/tools.ietf.org\/id\/draft-thubert-raw-technologies-05.html."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2019.2903414","article-title":"Extending accurate time distribution and timeliness capabilities over the air to enable future wireless industrial automation systems","volume":"107","author":"Cavalcanti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"32","article-title":"IEEE 802.11 e Wireless LAN for Quality of Service","volume":"2","author":"Mangold","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Eur. Wirel."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2015.10.007","article-title":"Next generation IEEE 802.11 Wireless Local Area Networks: Current status, future directions and open challenges","volume":"75","author":"Bellalta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de la Oliva, A., Serrano, P., Salvador, P., and Banchs, A. (2013, January 4\u20137). Performance evaluation of the IEEE 802.11 aa multicast mechanisms for video streaming. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE 14th International Symposium on \u201cA World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks\u201d (WoWMoM), Madrid, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/WoWMoM.2013.6583394"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2549","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2018.2876000","article-title":"Experimental QoE evaluation of multicast video delivery over IEEE 802.11 aa WLANs","volume":"18","author":"Gringoli","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-012-0861-6","article-title":"A throughput model of IEEE 802.11 aa intra-access category prioritization","volume":"71","year":"2013","journal-title":"Wirel. Pers. Commun."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa, R., Portugal, P., Vasques, F., Montez, C., and Moraes, R. (2015, January 22\u201324). Limitations of the IEEE 802.11 DCF, PCF, EDCA and HCCA to handle real-time traffic. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE 13th International Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN), Cambridge, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/INDIN.2015.7281860"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2021.01.028","article-title":"Spatial reuse in IEEE 802.11ax WLANs","volume":"170","author":"Wilhelmi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"H\u00f8iland-J\u00f8rgensen, T., Kazior, M., T\u00e4ht, D., Hurtig, P., and Brunstrom, A. (2017, January 12\u201314). Ending the anomaly: Achieving low latency and airtime fairness in WiFi. Proceedings of the 2017 USENIX Annual Technical Conference, Santa Clara, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2136","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2020.3012715","article-title":"IEEE 802.11be Wi-Fi 7: New challenges and opportunities","volume":"22","author":"Deng","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1007\/s11036-020-01567-7","article-title":"Survey and Perspective on Extremely High Throughput (EHT) WLAN\u2014IEEE 802.11be","volume":"25","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mob. Netw. Appl."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88664","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2993448","article-title":"Current Status and Directions of IEEE 802.11 be, the Future Wi-Fi 7","volume":"8","author":"Khorov","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Avdotin, E., Bankov, D., Khorov, E., and Lyakhov, A. (2019, January 8\u201311). Enabling Massive Real-Time Applications in IEEE 802.11 be Networks. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE 30th Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC), Istanbul, Turkey.","DOI":"10.1109\/PIMRC.2019.8904271"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naik, G., Ogbe, D., and Park, J.M.J. (2021, January 28\u201330). Can Wi-Fi 7 Support Real-Time Applications? On the Impact of Multi Link Aggregation on Latency. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), Xiamen, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC42927.2021.9500256"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, T., and Kim, T. (2021). Performance Analysis of Synchronous Multi-Radio Multi-Link MAC Protocols in IEEE 802.11be Extremely High Throughput WLANs. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11010317"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.001.1900338","article-title":"IEEE 802.11 be Extremely High Throughput: The Next Generation of Wi-Fi Technology Beyond 802.11 ax","volume":"57","author":"Kasslin","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Cavalcanti, D., Bush, S., Illouz, M., Kronauer, G., Regev, A., and Venkatesan, G. (2020). Wireless TSN-Definitions Use Cases & Standards Roadmap, AvnuAlliance."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, M., Li, B., Yan, Z., and Yan, Y. (2019, January 23\u201325). AP Coordination and Full-duplex enabled Multi-band Operation for the Next Generation WLAN: IEEE 802.11 be (EHT). Proceedings of the 2019 11th International Conference on Wireless Communications and Signal Processing (WCSP), Xi\u2019an, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/WCSP.2019.8928021"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Jang, I., Choi, J., Kim, J., Kim, S., Park, S., and Song, T. (2021, June 16). IEEE 802.11-19\/1144r6: Channel Access for Multi-Link Operation. Available online: https:\/\/mentor.ieee.org\/802.11\/dcn\/19\/11-19-1144-06-00be-channel-access-for-multi-link-operation.pptx."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Ravent\u00f3s, \u00c1., and Bellalta, B. (2021). IEEE 802.11 be Multi-Link Operation: When the Best Could Be to Use Only a Single Interface. arXiv.","DOI":"10.1109\/MedComNet52149.2021.9501237"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Li, Y., Guo, Y., Huang, G., Zhou, Y., Gan, M., and Liang, D. (2021, June 16). IEEE 802.11-19\/1116r5: Channel Access in Multi-band Operation. Available online: https:\/\/mentor.ieee.org\/802.11\/dcn\/19\/11-19-1116-05-00be-channel-access-in-multi-band-operation.pptx."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.001.2000711","article-title":"IEEE 802.11 be: Wi-Fi 7 Strikes Back","volume":"59","author":"Geraci","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Titus, A., Bansal, R., Sreejith, T., Kherani, A.A., and Akhtar, N. (2021, January 5\u20139). Decision Problems for Joint Transmission in Multi-AP Coordination Framework of IEEE 802.11be. Proceedings of the 2021 International Conference on COMmunication Systems & Networks (COMSNETS), Bangalore, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/COMSNETS51098.2021.9352818"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Hoefel, R.P.F. (September, January 31). IEEE 802.11 be: Throughput and Reliability Enhancements for Next Generation WiFi Networks. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE 31st Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, London, UK."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"(2021, June 16). IEEE Time-Sensitive Networking Task Group. Available online: http:\/\/www.ieee802.org\/1\/pages\/tsn.html."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Smith, M., Seewald, M., Cavalcanti, D., Perez-Ramirez, J., and Fang, J. (2021, June 16). IEEE 802.11-21\/0668r0: Wired-Wireless TSN Configuration and Management. Available online: https:\/\/mentor.ieee.org\/802.11\/dcn\/21\/11-21-0668-00-00be-wired-wireless-tsn-configuration-and-management.pptx."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Gundall, M., Huber, C., and Melnyk, S. (2021). Integration of IEEE 802.1AS-based Time Synchronization in IEEE 802.11 as an Enabler for Novel Industrial Use Cases. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fischer, C., Krummacker, D., Karrenbauer, M., and Schotten, H.D. (2021). A Modular Design Concept for Shaping Future Wireless TSN Solutions. Information, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/info12010012"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"IEEE (2020). IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks\u2013Timing and Synchronization for Time-Sensitive Applications. IEEE Std 802.1AS-2020 (Revision of IEEE Std 802.1AS-2011), IEEE."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2016.2629669","article-title":"Clock synchronization over IEEE 802.11\u2014A survey of methodologies and protocols","volume":"13","author":"Mahmood","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2018.2869350","article-title":"Ultra-low latency (ULL) networks: The IEEE TSN and IETF DetNet standards and related 5G ULL research","volume":"21","author":"Nasrallah","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27690","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2840541","article-title":"A survey of medium access mechanisms for providing robust audio video streaming in IEEE 802.11aa standard","volume":"6","author":"Zawia","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Genc, E., and Del Carpio, L.F. (2019, January 27\u201329). Wi-Fi QoS Enhancements for Downlink Operations in Industrial Automation Using TSN. Proceedings of the 2019 15th IEEE International Workshop on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS), Sundsvall, Sweden.","DOI":"10.1109\/WFCS.2019.8757992"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41803","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2858767","article-title":"Worst-case latency analysis for IEEE 802.1 Qbv time sensitive networks using network calculus","volume":"6","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2018.10.021","article-title":"AP-initiated multi-user transmissions in IEEE 802.11 ax WLANs","volume":"85","author":"Bellalta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, K.-H. (2019). Performance analysis of the IEEE 802.11ax MAC protocol for heterogeneous WiFi networks in non-saturated conditions. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19071540"},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Huang, L., Yoshio, U., Chitrakar, R., and Ding, Y. (2021, June 16). IEEE 802.11-19\/0806r2: Enabling Uplink Persistent Allocation for EHT. Available online: https:\/\/mentor.ieee.org\/802.11\/dcn\/19\/11-19-0806-02-00be-enabling-persistent-allocation-for-eht.pptx."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2019.1800163","article-title":"Target wake time: Scheduled access in IEEE 802.11 ax WLANs","volume":"26","author":"Nurchis","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.25046\/aj040128","article-title":"Insight into the IEEE 802.1 Qcr asynchronous traffic shaping in time sensitive network","volume":"4","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Sci. Technol. Eng. Syst. J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thiele, D., and Ernst, R. (2016, January 6\u20139). Formal worst-case performance analysis of time-sensitive Ethernet with frame preemption. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE 21st International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA), Berlin, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/ETFA.2016.7733740"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"De la Oliva, A., Wang, X., Yang, R., and Gazda, R. (2021, June 16). IEEE 802.11-19\/1223r0: Improving WLAN Reliability. Available online: https:\/\/mentor.ieee.org\/802.11\/dcn\/19\/11-19-1223-00-00be-improving-wlan-reliability-joint-tsn-11be-session.pdf."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Cavalcanti, D., and Venkatesan, G. (2021, June 16). 802.1 TSN over 802.11 with Updates from Developments in 802.11be. Available online: https:\/\/www.ieee802.org\/1\/files\/public\/docs2020\/new-Cavalcanti-802-1TSN-over-802-11-1120-v02.pdf."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Park, E., Lim, D., Kim, J., and Choi, J. (2021, June 16). IEEE 802.11-19\/0779r1: Performance Investigation on Multi-AP Transmission. Available online: https:\/\/mentor.ieee.org\/802.11\/dcn\/19\/11-19-0779-01-00be-performance-investigation-on-multi-ap-transmission.pptx."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8202","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2964280","article-title":"Multimedia Internet of Things: A comprehensive survey","volume":"8","author":"Nauman","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Sandvine (2020, June 09). Global Internet Phenomena Report. Technical Report., Available online: https:\/\/www.sandvine.com\/hubfs\/Sandvine_Redesign_2019\/Downloads\/Internet%20Phenomena\/Internet%20Phenomena%20Report%20Q32019%2020190910.pdf."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Carrascosa, M., and Bellalta, B. (2020). Cloud-gaming: Analysis of Google Stadia traffic. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-013-0605-z","article-title":"Detecting meaning in RSVP at 13 ms per picture","volume":"76","author":"Potter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atten. Percept. Psychophys."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2014.6871673","article-title":"Smart health: A context-aware health paradigm within smart cities","volume":"52","author":"Solanas","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2017.06.027","article-title":"Smart health: Big data enabled health paradigm within smart cities","volume":"87","author":"Pramanik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2016.12.023","article-title":"CUIDATS: An RFID\u2013WSN hybrid monitoring system for smart health care environments","volume":"78","author":"Adame","year":"2018","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Bush, S., and Mantelet, G. (2018). Industrial Wireless Time-Sensitive Networking: RFC on the Path Forward, AvnuAlliance. Avnu Alliance White Paper."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Pardes, A. (2021, June 16). For Museums, Augmented Reality Is the Next Frontier. Available online: https:\/\/www.wired.com\/story\/museums-augmented-reality-next-frontier\/."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adame, T., Carrascosa, M., and Bellalta, B. (2019, January 24\u201326). The TMB path loss model for 5 GHz indoor WiFi scenarios: On the empirical relationship between RSSI, MCS, and spatial streams. Proceedings of the 2019 Wireless Days (WD), Manchester, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/WD.2019.8734243"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/15\/4954\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:32:45Z","timestamp":1760164365000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/15\/4954"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,21]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s21154954"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21154954","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,21]]}}}