{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T00:35:59Z","timestamp":1776904559750,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,23]],"date-time":"2021-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, an increasing interest has been devoted to bistatic SAR configurations, which can be effectively used to improve system performance and\/or to increase the amount of physical information retrievable from the observed scene. Within this context, the availability of simulation tools is of paramount importance, for both mission planning and processing algorithm verification and testing. In this paper, a time domain simulator useful to obtain the point-spread function and the raw signal for the generic bistatic SAR configuration is presented. Moreover, we focus on the case of two bistatic configurations, which are of considerable interest in actual SAR applications, i.e., the translational invariant SAR and the one-stationary SAR acquisition geometries, for which we obtain meaningful expressions of the Transfer Functions. In particular, these expressions are formally equal to those obtained for the monostatic SAR configuration, so that the already available monostatic simulator can be easily adapted to these bistatic cases. The point-target raw signals obtained using the (exact) time domain simulator and the (approximated) frequency domain one are compared, with special attention to acquisition geometries that may be of practical interest in Formation-Flying SAR applications. Results show that the phase difference between raw signals simulated with the two approaches is, in all cases, smaller (and often much smaller) than about 10 degrees, except that at the very edge of the raw signals, where however, it does not exceed about 50 degrees.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21155012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,23]],"date-time":"2021-07-23T10:31:44Z","timestamp":1627036304000},"page":"5012","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Time-Domain and Monostatic-like Frequency-Domain Methods for Bistatic SAR Simulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4200-2584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerardo","family":"Di Martino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e delle Tecnologie dell\u2019Informazione, Universit\u00e0 di Napoli Federico II, 80125 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6173-3601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Iodice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e delle Tecnologie dell\u2019Informazione, Universit\u00e0 di Napoli Federico II, 80125 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Natale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto per il Rilevamento Elettromagnetico dell\u2019Ambiente (IREA), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 80124 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5299-1692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Riccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e delle Tecnologie dell\u2019Informazione, Universit\u00e0 di Napoli Federico II, 80125 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1049\/ip-rsn:20045111","article-title":"Spaceborne bi- and multistatic SAR: Potential and challenges","volume":"153","author":"Moreira","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEE Proc. Radar Sonar Navig."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheniakov, M. (2008). Bistatic Radar: Emerging Technology, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470985755"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2009.2029984","article-title":"Bistatic TerraSAR-X\/F-SAR spaceborne-airborne SAR experiment: Description, data processing and results","volume":"48","author":"Baumgartner","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2011.2158984","article-title":"First bistatic spaceborne SAR experiments with TanDEM-X","volume":"9","author":"Prats","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1109\/MGRS.2015.2437353","article-title":"Tandem-L: A highly innovative bistatic SAR mission for global observation of dynamic processes on the earth\u2019s surface","volume":"3","author":"Moreira","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Mag."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2011.2172571","article-title":"Experimental demonstration of passive BSAR imaging using navigation satellites and a fixed receiver","volume":"9","author":"Antoniou","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5034","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2013.2294940","article-title":"MIMO SAR Processing for Multichannel High-Resolution Wide-Swath Radars","volume":"52","author":"Sikaneta","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graziano, M.D., Renga, A., Grasso, M., and Moccia, A. (2020). PRF Selection in Formation-Flying SAR: Experimental Verification on Sentinel-1 Monostatic Repeat-Pass Data. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12010029"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guccione, P., Monti Guarnieri, A., Rocca, F., Giudici, D., and Gebert, N. (2020). Along-Track Multistatic Synthetic Aperture Radar Formations of Minisatellites. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12010124"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Martino, G., Di Simone, A., Grassi, M., Grasso, M., Graziano, M.D., Iodice, A., Moccia, A., Renga, A., Riccio, D., and Ruello, G. (2021, January 11\u201316). Formation-Flying SAR Receivers in Far-from-Transmitter Geometry: Signal Model and Processing Scheme. Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Brussels, Belgium.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS47720.2021.9554384"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3252","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2008.921495","article-title":"Radar bistatic configurations for soil moisture retrieval: A simulation study","volume":"46","author":"Pierdicca","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2013.2295235","article-title":"Full-polarization modeling of monostatic and bistatic radar scattering from a rough sea surface","volume":"62","author":"Voronovich","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2017.2768483","article-title":"Bistatic radar systems at large baselines for ocean observation","volume":"56","author":"Comite","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3656","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2020.3021784","article-title":"Bistatic scattering from anisotropic rough surfaces via a closed-form two-scale model","volume":"59","author":"Iodice","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1109\/36.124221","article-title":"SARAS: A synthetic aperture radar (SAR) raw signal simulator","volume":"30","author":"Franceschetti","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1986","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2003.814626","article-title":"SAR raw signal simulation for urban structures","volume":"41","author":"Franceschetti","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2329","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2003.815239","article-title":"Efficient spotlight SAR raw signal simulation of extended scenes","volume":"41","author":"Cimmino","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2851","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2006.875786","article-title":"Efficient simulation of airborne SAR raw data of extended scenes","volume":"44","author":"Franceschetti","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2017.2777606","article-title":"Pol-SARAS: A fully polarimetric SAR raw signal simulator for extended soil surfaces","volume":"56","author":"Iodice","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4956","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2018.2844094","article-title":"A unified formulation of SAR raw signals from extended scenes for all acquisition modes with application to simulation","volume":"56","author":"Iodice","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2008.918279","article-title":"Imaging simulation of bistatic synthetic aperture radar and its polarimetric analysis","volume":"46","author":"Xu","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2009.2032776","article-title":"A bistatic SAR raw data simulator based on inverse \u03c9-k algorithm","volume":"48","author":"Qiu","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130784","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/130784","article-title":"Efficient bistatic SAR raw signal simulator of extended scenes","volume":"2014","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3360","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2016.2516046","article-title":"Efficient raw signal generation based on equivalent scatterer and subaperture processing for one-stationary bistatic SAR including motion errors","volume":"54","author":"Xie","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Franceschetti, G., and Lanari, R. (1999). Synthetic Aperture Radar Processing, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franceschetti, G., Iodice, A., Natale, A., and Riccio, D. (2011, January 6\u20138). Bistatic SAR simulation: Time and frequency domain approaches. Proceedings of the 2011 17th International Conference on Digital Signal Processing (DSP), Corfu, Greece.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDSP.2011.6005021"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2019.2941140","article-title":"Analytical Models for the Electromagnetic Scattering from Isolated Targets in Bistatic Configuration: Geometrical Optics Solution","volume":"58","author":"Fuscaldo","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Martino, G., Di Simone, A., Fuscaldo, W., Iodice, A., Riccio, D., and Ruello, G. (2020, January 21\u201325). Bistatic scattering from a canonical building. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE Radar Conference (RadarConf20), Florence, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/RadarConf2043947.2020.9266612"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/15\/5012\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:33:56Z","timestamp":1760164436000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/15\/5012"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,23]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s21155012"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21155012","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,23]]}}}