{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:05:16Z","timestamp":1787029516852,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,23]],"date-time":"2021-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["825429"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["825429"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sensor systems to measure pressure at the stump\u2013socket interface of transfemoral amputees are receiving increasing attention as they allow monitoring to evaluate patient comfort and socket fit. However, transfemoral amputees have many unique characteristics, and it is unclear whether existing research on sensor systems take these sufficiently into account or if it is conducted in ways likely to lead to substantial breakthroughs. This investigation addresses these concerns through a scoping review to profile research regarding sensors in transfemoral sockets with the aim of advancing and improving prosthetic socket design, comfort and fit for transfemoral amputees. Publications found from searching four scientific databases were screened, and 17 papers were found relating to the aim of this review. After quality assessment, 12 articles were finally selected for analysis. Three main contributions are provided: a de facto methodology for experimental studies on the implications of intra-socket pressure sensor use for transfemoral amputees; the suggestion that associated sensor design breakthroughs would be more likely if pressure sensors were developed in close combination with other types of sensors and in closer cooperation with those in possession of an in-depth domain knowledge in prosthetics; and that this research would be facilitated by increased interdisciplinary cooperation and open research data generation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21155016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,23]],"date-time":"2021-07-23T10:31:44Z","timestamp":1627036304000},"page":"5016","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["A Scoping Review of Pressure Measurements in Prosthetic Sockets of Transfemoral Amputees during Ambulation: Key Considerations for Sensor Design"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Siu-Teing","family":"Ko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Innovation, \u00d6ssur, 110 Reykjav\u00edk, Iceland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5704-4504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fredrik","family":"Asplund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Machine Design, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6789-043X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Begum","family":"Zeybek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Healthcare Innovation Centre, School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough TS1 3BX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Berke, G.M., Buell, N.C., Fergason, J.R., Gailey, R.S., Hafner, B.J., Hubbard, S.M., Smith, D.G., and Willingham, L.L. (2021, May 07). Introduction. Transfemoral Amputation: The Basics and Beyond; 2008. p. 1. Available online: http:\/\/www.oandplibrary.org\/assets\/pdf\/Transfemoral_Amputation_the_Basics_and_Beyond.pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphys.2014.09.003","article-title":"Predictors of non-use of prostheses by people with lower limb amputation after discharge from rehabilitation: Development and validation of clinical prediction rules","volume":"60","author":"Roffman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Physiother."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avsg.2020.07.038","article-title":"Ambulatory Status following Major Lower Extremity Amputation","volume":"71","author":"MacCallum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abc4327","article-title":"Wireless sensors for continuous, multimodal measurements at the skin interface with lower limb prostheses","volume":"12","author":"Kwak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"100059","article-title":"Perceived effect of socket fit on major lower limb prosthetic rehabilitation: A clinician and amputee perspective","volume":"2","author":"Turner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Rehabil. Res. Clin. Transl."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2006.11.0147","article-title":"Review of secondary physical conditions associated with lower-limb amputation and long-term prosthesis use","volume":"45","author":"Gailey","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seo, J.H., Lee, H.J., Seo, D.W., Lee, D.K., Kwon, O.W., Kwak, M.K., and Lee, K.H. (2021). A Prosthetic Socket with Active Volume Compensation for Amputated Lower Limb. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21020407"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"604376","article-title":"Factors associated with prosthesis embodiment and its importance for prosthetic satisfaction in lower limb amputees","volume":"14","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurorobotics"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1177\/0309364620969226","article-title":"Lower limb prosthetic interfaces: Clinical and technological advancement and potential future direction","volume":"44","author":"Safari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prosthet. Orthot. Int."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ibarra Aguila, S., S\u00e1nchez, G.J., Sauvain, E.E., Alemon, B., Fuentes-Aguilar, R.Q., and Huegel, J.C. (2020). Interface Pressure System to Compare the Functional Performance of Prosthetic Sockets during the Gait in People with Trans-Tibial Amputation. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20247043"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1097\/JPO.0000000000000286","article-title":"Performance of a sensor to monitor socket fit: Comparison with practitioner clinical assessment","volume":"33","author":"Larsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"JPO J. Prosthet. Orthot."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12296","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000012296","article-title":"Prosthesis satisfaction in lower limb amputees: A systematic review of associated factors and questionnaires","volume":"97","author":"Baars","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Cole, M., Cumming, J., Golland, N., Hayes, S., Ostler, C., Scopes, J., and Tisdale, L. (2014). Bacpar toolbox of outcome measures. Br. Assoc. Chart. Physiother. Amputee Rehabil. Version, 2, Available online: https:\/\/bacpar.csp.org.uk\/system\/files\/toolbox_version_2.pdf."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2010.09.0189","article-title":"Residual limb volume change: Systematic review of measurement and management","volume":"48","author":"Sanders","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1996","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2017.2775100","article-title":"Sockets for limb prostheses: A review of existing technologies and open challenges","volume":"65","author":"Ibrahimi","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s40846-017-0217-5","article-title":"Systematic review of studies examining transtibial prosthetic socket pressures with changes in device alignment","volume":"37","author":"Davenport","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Med. Biol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1097\/JPO.0000000000000219","article-title":"Transtibial socket design, interface, and suspension: A clinical practice guideline","volume":"31","author":"Stevens","year":"2019","journal-title":"JPO J. Prosthet. Orthot."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Mueller, M.D. (2016). Transfemoral Amputation: Prosthetic Management. Atlas of Amputations and Limb Deficiencies, American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2014.08.0184","article-title":"Systematic review of effects of current transtibial prosthetic socket designs\u2014Part 2: Quantitative outcomes","volume":"52","author":"Safari","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Kapp, S., Cummings, D., and Bowker, J.H. (1992). Transtibial Amputation: Prosthetic Management. Atlas of Limb Prosthetics Surgical, Prosthetic, and Rehabilitation Principles, Mosby Year Book."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"1","article-title":"Residual limb volume fluctuations in transfemoral amputees","volume":"11","author":"Ibrahimi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2020.105001","article-title":"Does actively enlarging socket volume during resting facilitate residual limb fluid volume recovery in trans-tibial prosthesis users?","volume":"78","author":"Larsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1080\/03093640600810266","article-title":"Effects of fluid insert volume changes on socket pressures and shear stresses: Case studies from two trans-tibial amputee subjects","volume":"30","author":"Sanders","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prosthet. Orthot. Int."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Congdon, W. (2011). Standard of Care: Lower Extremity Amputation, Department of Rehabilitation Services, The Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Inc."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1097\/00008526-200307000-00011","article-title":"Volume management: Smart Variable Geometry Socket (SVGS) technology for lower-limb prostheses","volume":"15","author":"Greenwald","year":"2003","journal-title":"JPO J. Prosthet. Orthot."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"365","article-title":"Mechanical performance of inflatable inserts used in limb prosthetics","volume":"38","author":"Sanders","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"100120","article-title":"An immediate fit, adjustable, modular prosthetic system for addressing world-wide limb loss disability","volume":"3","author":"Kenia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Rehabil. Res. Clin. Transl."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1002\/pmrj.12133","article-title":"A prospective assessment of an adjustable, immediate fit, transtibial prosthesis","volume":"11","author":"Dillingham","year":"2019","journal-title":"PM&R"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-61915-1","article-title":"Influence of gait cycle loads on stress distribution at the residual limb\/socket interface of transfemoral amputees: A finite element analysis","volume":"10","author":"Henao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2013.01.0024","article-title":"Considerations for development of sensing and monitoring tools to facilitate treatment and care of persons with lower limb loss","volume":"51","author":"Hafner","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2018.1492634","article-title":"Stakeholder perspectives for possible residual limb monitoring system for persons with lower-limb amputation","volume":"42","author":"Tran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s13534-019-00137-5","article-title":"Sensing and actuation technologies for smart socket prostheses","volume":"10","author":"Gupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. Lett."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schofield, J.S., Schoepp, K.R., Williams, H.E., Carey, J.P., Marasco, P.D., and Hebert, J.S. (2017). Characterization of interfacial socket pressure in transhumeral prostheses: A case series. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0178517"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1080\/03093640008726523","article-title":"Scientific validation of two commercial pressure sensor systems for prosthetic socket fit","volume":"24","author":"Polliack","year":"2000","journal-title":"Prosthet. Orthot. Int."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2014.10.002","article-title":"Development and validation of a 3D-printed interfacial stress sensor for prosthetic applications","volume":"37","author":"Laszczak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"253","article-title":"A review of prosthetic interface stress investigations","volume":"33","author":"Steege","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1080\/03093640008726532","article-title":"Developments in the trans-tibial prosthetic socket fitting process: A review of past and present research","volume":"24","author":"Sewell","year":"2000","journal-title":"Prosthet. Orthot. Int."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Fakih, E.A., Abu Osman, N.A., and Mahmad Adikan, F.R. (2016). Techniques for interface stress measurements within prosthetic sockets of transtibial amputees: A review of the past 50 years of research. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16071119"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2016.04.007","article-title":"A pressure and shear sensor system for stress measurement at lower limb residuum\/socket interface","volume":"38","author":"Laszczak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-59002-6","article-title":"Comparison of gait characteristics between clinical and daily life settings in children with cerebral palsy","volume":"10","author":"Carcreff","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nascimento, L.M.S.d., Bonfati, L.V., Freitas, M.L.B., Mendes Junior, J.J.A., Siqueira, H.V., and Stevan, S.L. (2020). Sensors and Systems for Physical Rehabilitation and Health Monitoring\u2014A Review. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20154063"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Banerjee, A., Chakraborty, C., Kumar, A., and Biswas, D. (2020). Emerging trends in IoT and big data analytics for biomedical and health care technologies. Handbook of Data Science Approaches for Biomedical Engineering, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-818318-2.00005-2"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13129","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2789329","article-title":"Enabling technologies for the internet of health things","volume":"6","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1109\/JETCAS.2018.2822684","article-title":"Overview of recent development on wireless sensing circuits and systems for healthcare and biomedical applications","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2020.104773","article-title":"Self-powered wearable pressure sensing system for continuous healthcare monitoring enabled by flexible thin-film thermoelectric generator","volume":"73","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koutras, D., Stergiopoulos, G., Dasaklis, T., Kotzanikolaou, P., Glynos, D., and Douligeris, C. (2020). Security in IoMT Communications: A Survey. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20174828"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simsek, M., and Kantarci, B. (2020). Artificial intelligence-empowered mobilization of assessments in covid-19-like pandemics: A case study for early flattening of the curve. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17103437"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barrios-Muriel, J., Romero-S\u00e1nchez, F., Alonso-S\u00e1nchez, F.J., and Rodr\u00edguez Salgado, D. (2020). Advances in Orthotic and Prosthetic Manufacturing: A Technology Review. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13020295"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012151","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/1094\/1\/012151","article-title":"Properties of Materials and Models of Prosthetic Feet: A Review","volume":"1094","author":"Oleiwi","year":"2021","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9413","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2021.3053434","article-title":"Textile-Based Pressure Sensors for Monitoring Prosthetic-Socket Interfaces","volume":"21","author":"Tabor","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/S1350-4533(98)00013-7","article-title":"Clinical investigation of the pressure and shear stress on the trans-tibial stump with a prosthesis","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2013.09.004","article-title":"Interface pressure in transtibial socket during ascent and descent on stairs and its effect on patient satisfaction","volume":"28","author":"Ali","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000000134","article-title":"Interface stress in socket\/residual limb with transtibial prosthetic suspension systems during locomotion on slopes and stairs","volume":"94","author":"Eshraghi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02522507","article-title":"Interface mechanics in external prosthetics: Review of interface stress measurement techniques","volume":"33","author":"Sanders","year":"1995","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Eng. Comput."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2009.08.007","article-title":"Pressure characteristics at the stump\/socket interface in transtibial amputees using an adaptive prosthetic foot","volume":"24","author":"Wolf","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2006.06.004","article-title":"Pressure distribution at the stump\/socket interface in transtibial amputees during walking on stairs, slope and non-flat road","volume":"21","author":"Dou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"161","article-title":"State-of-the-art research in lower-limb prosthetic biomechanics","volume":"38","author":"Mak","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munn, Z., Peters, M.D., Stern, C., Tufanaru, C., McArthur, A., and Aromataris, E. (2018). Systematic review or scoping review? Guidance for authors when choosing between a systematic or scoping review approach. BMC Med. Res. Methodol., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-018-0611-x"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","article-title":"PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and explanation","volume":"169","author":"Tricco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/1364557032000119616","article-title":"Scoping studies: Towards a methodological framework","volume":"8","author":"Arksey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Res. Methodol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1177\/0309364613500690","article-title":"A scoping literature review of the provision of orthoses and prostheses in resource-limited environments 2000\u20132010. Part one: Considerations for success","volume":"38","author":"Ikeda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prosthet. Orthot. Int."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1177\/0309364613490443","article-title":"A scoping literature review of the provision of orthoses and prostheses in resource-limited environments 2000\u20132010. Part two: Research and outcomes","volume":"38","author":"Ikeda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prosthet. Orthot. Int."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hofstad, C.J., van der Linde, H., van Limbeek, J., and Postema, K. (2004). Prescription of prosthetic ankle-foot mechanisms after lower limb amputation. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003978.pub2"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1243\/0954411971534287","article-title":"Stump-socket interface pressure as an aid to socket design in prostheses for trans-femoral amputees\u2014A preliminary study","volume":"211","author":"Lee","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part H J. Eng. Med."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1097\/00008526-200501000-00003","article-title":"Concepts of pressure in an ischial containment socket: Measurement","volume":"17","author":"Neumann","year":"2005","journal-title":"JPO J. Prosthet. Orthot."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"20","article-title":"A preliminary report on dynamic socket pressures","volume":"10","author":"Appoldt","year":"1967","journal-title":"Bull. Prosthet. Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(68)90020-1","article-title":"Stump-socket pressure in lower extremity prostheses","volume":"1","author":"Appoldt","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23724","DOI":"10.3390\/s141223724","article-title":"Piezoelectric bimorphs\u2019 characteristics as in-socket sensors for transfemoral amputees","volume":"14","author":"Hamzaid","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2182","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2017.2667717","article-title":"Piezoresistive polymer-based materials for real-time assessment of the stump\/socket interface pressure in lower limb amputees","volume":"17","author":"Ferreira","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2006.11.178","article-title":"Effect of hip moment on socket interface pressure during stance phase gait of transfemoral amputee","volume":"24","author":"Hong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2013.01.0003","article-title":"Transfemoral sockets with vacuum-assisted suspension comparison of hip kinematics, socket position, contact pressure, and preference: Ischial containment versus brimless","volume":"50","author":"Kahle","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-197210000-00008","article-title":"Gait analysis and tissue-socket interface pressures in above-knee amputees","volume":"64","author":"Leavitt","year":"1972","journal-title":"South. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"35","article-title":"Dynamic pressure measurements at the interface between residual limb and socket\u2014The relationship between pressure distribution, comfort, and brim shape","volume":"10","author":"Naeff","year":"1980","journal-title":"Bull. Prosthet. Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2017.08.014","article-title":"A combined kinematic and kinetic analysis at the residuum\/socket interface of a knee-disarticulation amputee","volume":"49","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med Eng. Phys."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Salda\u00f1a, J. (2009). First Cycle Coding Methods. The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers, SAGE Publications Ltd."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Salda\u00f1a, J. (2009). Second Cycle Coding Methods. The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers, SAGE Publications Ltd."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849073","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/849073","article-title":"Review of the socket design and interface pressure measurement for transtibial prosthesis","volume":"2014","author":"Pirouzi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dejke, V., Eng, M.P., Brinkfeldt, K., Charnley, J., Lussey, D., and Lussey, C. (2021). Development of Prototype Low-Cost QTSS\u2122 Wearable Flexible More Enviro-Friendly Pressure, Shear, and Friction Sensors for Dynamic Prosthetic Fit Monitoring. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21113764"},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"1","article-title":"A preliminary evaluation of a hydro-cast trans-femoral socket, a proof of concept","volume":"1","author":"Buis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prosthet. Orthot. Open J."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2014.12.107","article-title":"Biomechanics of lower limb prostheses","volume":"96","year":"2014","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1017\/S0269889712000051","article-title":"The role of hypotheses in biomechanical research","volume":"25","author":"Rowbottom","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Context"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1080\/03093640500116764","article-title":"Relationship between socket pressure and EMG of two muscles in trans-femoral stumps during gait","volume":"29","author":"Hong","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prosthet. Orthot. Int."},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"1","article-title":"A personalised prosthetic liner with embedded sensor technology: A case study","volume":"19","author":"Dhokia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. Online"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karamousadakis, M., Porichis, A., Ottikkutti, S., Chen, D., and Vartholomeos, P. (2021). A Sensor-Based Decision Support System for Transfemoral Socket Rectification. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21113743"},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"70","article-title":"Tangential pressure measurements in above-knee suction sockets","volume":"10","author":"Appoldt","year":"1970","journal-title":"Bull. Prosthet. Res."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/S0965-9978(96)00048-8","article-title":"Identification of pressure distribution at the socket interface of an above-knee prosthesis","volume":"28","author":"Tanaka","year":"1997","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Softw."},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"Duffy, V.G. (2016). Visual Representation of Dynamic Pressure Map on the Digital Human Model of Patient with a Lower Limb Prosthesis. Digital Human Modeling: Applications in Health, Safety, Ergonomics and Risk Management, Springer International Publishing."},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"Moineau, B., Saurel, B., Seetha, V., Angelis, M.P., Meynard, C., Chabloz, P., Nougier, V., and P\u00e9rennou, D. (2021, July 18). Is There a Typical Pressures Pattern at the Stump-Socket Interface for Good Above-Knee Amputee Prostheses?. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/282133158_Is_there_a_typical_pressures_pattern_at_the_stump-socket_interface_for_good_above-knee_amputee_prostheses."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/15\/5016\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:34:04Z","timestamp":1760164444000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/15\/5016"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,23]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s21155016"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21155016","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,23]]}}}