{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T18:51:35Z","timestamp":1775155895363,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]],"date-time":"2021-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ecological environments research helps to assess the impacts on forests and managing forests. The usage of novel software and hardware technologies enforces the solution of tasks related to this problem. In addition, the lack of connectivity for large data throughput raises the demand for edge-computing-based solutions towards this goal. Therefore, in this work, we evaluate the opportunity of using a Wearable edge AI concept in a forest environment. For this matter, we propose a new approach to the hardware\/software co-design process. We also address the possibility of creating wearable edge AI, where the wireless personal and body area networks are platforms for building applications using edge AI. Finally, we evaluate a case study to test the possibility of performing an edge AI task in a wearable-based environment. Thus, in this work, we evaluate the system to achieve the desired task, the hardware resource and performance, and the network latency associated with each part of the process. Through this work, we validated both the design pattern review and case study. In the case study, the developed algorithms could classify diseased leaves with a circa 90% accuracy with the proposed technique in the field. This results can be reviewed in the laboratory with more modern models that reached up to 96% global accuracy. The system could also perform the desired tasks with a quality factor of 0.95, considering the usage of three devices. Finally, it detected a disease epicenter with an offset of circa 0.5 m in a 6 m \u00d7 6 m \u00d7 12 m space. These results enforce the usage of the proposed methods in the targeted environment and the proposed changes in the co-design pattern.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21155082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]],"date-time":"2021-07-27T22:35:02Z","timestamp":1627425302000},"page":"5082","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Wearable Edge AI Applications for Ecological Environments"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3717-1906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mateus C.","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science Department, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto 35400-000, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2214-397X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan C. F.","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science Department, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto 35400-000, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8961-5313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saul","family":"Delabrida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science Department, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto 35400-000, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7949-1188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea G. C.","family":"Bianchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science Department, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto 35400-000, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0191-8759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00e9rvio P.","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto 35400-000, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6273-1285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge S\u00e1","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, INESC Coimbra, University of Coimbra, P-3030 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5167-1523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo A. R.","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science Department, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto 35400-000, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barona Lopez, L.I., Valdivieso Caraguay, A.L., Sotelo Monge, M.A., and Garc\u00eda Villalba, L.J. (2017). Key technologies in the context of future networks: Operational and management requirements. Future Internet, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/fi9010001"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2018.11.025","article-title":"Current research on Internet of Things (IoT) security: A survey","volume":"148","author":"Hassan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. 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