{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,11]],"date-time":"2026-01-11T02:38:17Z","timestamp":1768099097297,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]],"date-time":"2021-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016YFC0302101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFC0302101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Provincial Key Research and Development Program of Shandong, China","award":["2019JZZY010417"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019JZZY010417"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61575181"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61575181"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["201961006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201961006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As a powerful in situ detection technique, Raman spectroscopy is becoming a popular underwater investigation method, especially in deep-sea research. In this paper, an easy-to-operate underwater Raman system with a compact design and competitive sensitivity is introduced. All the components, including the optical module and the electronic module, were packaged in an L362 \u00d7 \u03a6172 mm titanium capsule with a weight of 20 kg in the air (about 12 kg in water). By optimising the laser coupling mode and focusing lens parameters, a competitive sensitivity was achieved with the detection limit of SO42\u2212 being 0.7 mmol\/L. The first sea trial was carried out with the aid of a 3000 m grade remotely operated vehicle (ROV) \u201cFCV3000\u201d in October 2018. Over 20,000 spectra were captured from the targets interested, including methane hydrate, clamshell in the area of cold seep, and bacterial mats around a hydrothermal vent, with a maximum depth of 1038 m. A Raman peak at 2592 cm\u22121 was found in the methane hydrate spectra, which revealed the presence of hydrogen sulfide in the seeping gas. In addition, we also found sulfur in the bacterial mats, confirming the involvement of micro-organisms in the sulfur cycle in the hydrothermal field. It is expected that the system can be developed as a universal deep-sea survey and detection equipment in the near future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21155090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]],"date-time":"2021-07-27T22:35:02Z","timestamp":1627425302000},"page":"5090","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Development of an Easy-to-Operate Underwater Raman System for Deep-Sea Cold Seep and Hydrothermal Vent In Situ Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Qingsheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinjia","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wangquan","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fujun","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ronger","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhilei","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, China Geological Survey, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xilin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, China Geological Survey, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr.2003.11.005","article-title":"Development of a laser Raman spectrometer for deep-ocean science","volume":"51","author":"Brewer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res. 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