{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T10:53:16Z","timestamp":1783335196292,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,28]],"date-time":"2021-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the ongoing efforts for widespread Internet of Things (IoT) adoption, one of the key factors hindering the wide acceptance of IoT is security. Securing IoT networks such as the electric power grid or water supply systems has emerged as a major national and global priority. To address the security issue of IoT, several studies are being carried out that involve the use of, but are not limited to, blockchain, artificial intelligence, and edge\/fog computing. Authentication and authorization are crucial aspects of the CIA triad to protect the network from malicious parties. However, existing authorization and authentication schemes are not sufficient for handling security, due to the scale of the IoT networks and the resource-constrained nature of devices. In order to overcome challenges due to various constraints of IoT networks, there is a significant interest in using machine learning techniques to assist in the authentication and authorization process for IoT. In this paper, recent advances in authentication and authorization techniques for IoT networks are reviewed. Based on the review, we present a taxonomy of authentication and authorization schemes in IoT focusing on machine learning-based schemes. Using the presented taxonomy, a thorough analysis is provided of the authentication and authorization (AA) security threats and challenges for IoT. Furthermore, various criteria to achieve a high degree of AA resiliency in IoT implementations to enhance IoT security are evaluated. Lastly, a detailed discussion on open issues, challenges, and future research directions is presented for enabling secure communication among IoT nodes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21155122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,28]],"date-time":"2021-07-28T21:21:04Z","timestamp":1627507264000},"page":"5122","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["Machine Learning for Authentication and Authorization in IoT: Taxonomy, Challenges and Future Research Direction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4478-1294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazi","family":"Istiaque Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computing and Information Systems, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6273-4603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Tahir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computing and Information Systems, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2263-0850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Hadi Habaebi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IoT & Wireless Communication Protocols Lab, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Gombak 53100, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7709-7774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sian","family":"Lun Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computing and Information Systems, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3914-2503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdul","family":"Ahad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computing and Information Systems, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Statista (2021). Internet of Things\u2014Active Connections Worldwide 2015\u20132025, Statista Research Department."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2011.6069711","article-title":"Smart community: An internet of things application","volume":"49","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahad, A., Tahir, M., Sheikh, M.A., Ahmed, K.I., Mughees, A., and Numani, A. (2020). Technologies trend towards 5g network for smart health-care using iot: A review. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20144047"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2017.201","article-title":"DDoS in the IoT: Mirai and other botnets","volume":"50","author":"Kolias","year":"2017","journal-title":"Computer"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Putra, G.D., Dedeoglu, V., Kanhere, S.S., and Jurdak, R. (2020, January 2\u20136). Trust management in decentralized iot access control system. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC), Toronto, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICBC48266.2020.9169481"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, J.J., Fahd, K., Venkatraman, S., Trujillo-Rasua, R., and Haskell-Dowland, P. (2019, January 27\u201329). Hybrid Routing for Man-in-the-Middle (MITM) Attack Detection in IoT Networks. Proceedings of the 2019 29th International Telecommunication Networks and Applications Conference (ITNAC), Auckland, New Zealand.","DOI":"10.1109\/ITNAC46935.2019.9077977"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2019.05.014","article-title":"Intrusion detection systems in the Internet of things: A comprehensive investigation","volume":"160","author":"Hajiheidari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1007\/s11036-016-0676-x","article-title":"Security in Software-Defined Networking: Threats and Countermeasures","volume":"21","author":"Shu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mob. Netw. Appl."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1109\/TSUSC.2018.2839623","article-title":"Machine Learning Based Trust Computational Model for IoT Services","volume":"4","author":"Jayasinghe","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Sustain. Comput."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2015.2444095","article-title":"Internet of Things: A Survey on Enabling Technologies, Protocols, and Applications","volume":"17","author":"Guizani","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2016.03.006","article-title":"Secure routing for internet of things: A survey","volume":"66","author":"Airehrour","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"456","article-title":"Internet of Things Security, Device Authentication and Access Control: A Review","volume":"14","author":"Ali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Sci. Inf. Secur."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2014.11.011","article-title":"Autonomic schemes for threat mitigation in Internet of Things","volume":"49","author":"Ashraf","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2014.11.008","article-title":"Security, privacy and trust in Internet of things: The road ahead","volume":"76","author":"Sicari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Hajj, M., Fadlallah, A., Chamoun, M., and Serhrouchni, A. (2019). A survey of internet of things (IoT) authentication schemes. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19051141"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2017.2694844","article-title":"A Survey on Security and Privacy Issues in Internet-of-Things","volume":"4","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2017.2683200","article-title":"A Survey on Internet of Things: Architecture, Enabling Technologies, Security and Privacy, and Applications","volume":"4","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Xiao, L., Wan, X., Lu, X., Zhang, Y., and Wu, D. (2018). IoT Security Techniques Based on Machine Learning. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2018.2847722","article-title":"A detailed investigation and analysis of using machine learning techniques for intrusion detection","volume":"21","author":"Mishra","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2020.2986444","article-title":"Machine Learning in IoT Security: Current Solutions and Future Challenges","volume":"22","author":"Hussain","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iot.2019.100059","article-title":"Attack and anomaly detection in IoT sensors in IoT sites using machine learning approaches","volume":"7","author":"Hasan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Internet Things"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2018.04.065","article-title":"Modeling and clustering attacker activities in IoT through machine learning techniques","volume":"479","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7063","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2016.2615643","article-title":"Learning How to Communicate in the Internet of Things: Finite Resources and Heterogeneity","volume":"4","author":"Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2742","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2017.2687918","article-title":"Cloud-based malware detection game for mobile devices with offloading","volume":"16","author":"Xiao","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2281","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2016.2565198","article-title":"A Mobile offloading game against smart attacks","volume":"4","author":"Xiao","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tahir, M., Sardaraz, M., Muhammad, S., and Khan, M.S. (2020). A Lightweight Authentication and Authorization Framework for Blockchain-Enabled IoT Network in Health-Informatics. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12176960"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, D.H., and Lee, I.Y. (2020). A lightweight authentication and key agreement schemes for IoT environments. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20185350"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lara, E., Aguilar, L., Sanchez, M.A., and Garc\u00eda, J.A. (2020). Lightweight authentication protocol for M2M communications of resource-constrained devices in industrial internet of things. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20020501"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nespoli, P., Zago, M., Celdr\u00e1n, A.H., P\u00e9rez, M.G., M\u00e1rmol, F.G., and Clemente, F.J. (2019). PALOT: Profiling and authenticating users leveraging internet of things. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19122832"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, H., and Kim, Y. (2019). Design and Implementation of High-Availability Architecture for IoT-Cloud Services. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19153276"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jayasinghe, U., Otebolaku, A., Um, T.W., and Lee, G.M. (2017, January 27\u201329). Data centric trust evaluation and prediction framework for IOT. Proceedings of the 2017 ITU Kaleidoscope: Challenges for a Data-Driven Society (ITU K), Nanjing, China.","DOI":"10.23919\/ITU-WT.2017.8246999"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4506","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2832041","article-title":"Trustworthy Industrial IoT Gateways for Interoperability Platforms and Ecosystems","volume":"5","author":"Fraile","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferreira, C.M.S., Garrocho, C.T.B., Oliveira, R.A.R., Silva, J.S., and Cavalcanti, C.F.M.d.C. (2021). IoT registration and authentication in smart city applications with blockchain. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21041323"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Banks, A., Briggs, E., Borgendale, K., and Gupta, R. (2019). MQTT Version 5.0, Standard, O. A. S. I. S. Available online: https:\/\/docs.oasis-open.org\/mqtt\/mqtt\/v5.0\/mqtt-v5.0.html."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-68179-5_26","article-title":"Group authentication with fault tolerance for internet of things","volume":"10542 LNCS","author":"Elmouaatamid","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Symposium on Ubiquitous Networking"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2017.2787800","article-title":"A robust and energy efficient authentication protocol for industrial internet of things","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burhan, M., Rehman, R.A., Khan, B., and Kim, B.S. (2018). IoT elements, layered architectures and security issues: A comprehensive survey. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18092796"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"2456","article-title":"IOT Malware: An Analysis of IOT Device Hijacking","volume":"5","author":"Shobana","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci. Res. Comput. Sci. Eng. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Argust, G. (2019). Side Channel Attacks on IoT Applications. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Bristol]."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"196","article-title":"On modeling eavesdropping attacks in wireless networks","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mob. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Brun, O., Yin, Y., Augusto-gonzalez, J., Ramos, M., and Gelenbe, E. (2018, January 26\u201327). IoT Attack Detection with Deep Learning. Proceedings of the ISCIS Security Workshop, London, UK. hal- 02062091."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, H., and Van Oorschot, P.C. (2019, January 26\u201328). Onboarding and Software Update Architecture for IoT Devices. Proceedings of the 2019 17th International Conference on Privacy, Security and Trust, PST, Fredericton, NB, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/PST47121.2019.8949023"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24639","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2799942","article-title":"A Blockchain Connected Gateway for BLE-Based Devices in the Internet of Things","volume":"6","author":"Cha","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s41635-017-0029-7","article-title":"Internet-of-Things Security and Vulnerabilities: Taxonomy, Challenges, and Practice","volume":"2","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hardw. Syst. Secur."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Celesti, A., Fazio, M., and Villari, M. (2017). Enabling secure XMPP communications in federated IoT clouds through XEP 0027 and SAML\/SASL SSO. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17020301"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82721","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2924045","article-title":"A Survey on IoT Security: Application Areas, Security Threats, and Solution Architectures","volume":"7","author":"Hassija","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mode, G.R., Calyam, P., and Hoque, K.A. (2019). False data injection attacks in internet of things and deep learning enabled predictive analytics. arXiv.","DOI":"10.1109\/NOMS47738.2020.9110395"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swamy, S.N., Jadhav, D., and Kulkarni, N. (2017, January 10\u201311). Security Threats in the Application layer in IOT Applications. Proceedings of the International conference on I-SMAC (IoT in Social, Mobile, Analytics and Cloud) (I-SMAC 2017), Palladam, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/I-SMAC.2017.8058395"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"355","article-title":"A comprehensive IoT attacks survey based on a building-blocked reference model","volume":"9","author":"Konstantas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Comput. Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haroon, A., Akram, S., Shah, M.A., and Wahid, A. (2017, January 24\u201327). E-lithe: A lightweight secure DTLS for IoT. Proceedings of the IEEE 86th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC-Fall), Toronto, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/VTCFall.2017.8288362"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9046064","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/9046064","article-title":"Efficient and Secure Biometric-Based User Authenticated Key Agreement Scheme with Anonymity","volume":"2018","author":"Kang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Secur. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2016.12.028","article-title":"A light weight authentication protocol for IoT-enabled devices in distributed Cloud Computing environment","volume":"78","author":"Amin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2016.12.008","article-title":"An efficient authentication and key agreement scheme for multi-gateway wireless sensor networks in IoT deployment","volume":"89","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3599","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2017.2773666","article-title":"A robust ECC-Based provable secure authentication protocol with privacy preserving for industrial internet of things","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2017.07.001","article-title":"A three-factor anonymous authentication scheme for wireless sensor networks in internet of things environments","volume":"103","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2884","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2017.2714179","article-title":"Chaotic map-based anonymous user authentication scheme with user biometrics and fuzzy extractor for crowdsourcing internet of things","volume":"5","author":"Roy","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed, A.A., and Ahmed, W.A. (2019). An effective multifactor authentication mechanism based on combiners of hash function over internet of things. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19173663"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sebbah, A., and Kadri, B. (2020, January 9\u201311). A Privacy and Authentication Scheme for IoT Environments Using ECC and Fuzzy Extractor. Proceedings of the 2020 International Conference on Intelligent Systems and Computer Vision, ISCV 2020, Fez, Morocco.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCV49265.2020.9204164"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2015.05.020","article-title":"A secure light weight scheme for user authentication and key agreement in multi-gateway based wireless sensor networks","volume":"36","author":"Amin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2016.01.006","article-title":"Design of an anonymity-preserving three-factor authenticated key exchange protocol for wireless sensor networks","volume":"101","author":"Amin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1676","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2017.2784431","article-title":"PHY-Layer Authentication with Multiple Landmarks with Reduced Overhead","volume":"17","author":"Xiao","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10037","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2016.2524258","article-title":"PHY-Layer Spoofing Detection with Reinforcement Learning in Wireless Networks","volume":"65","author":"Xiao","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2015.2404803","article-title":"Machine Learning Methods for Attack Detection in the Smart Grid","volume":"27","author":"Ozay","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. Learn. Syst."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2019.01.073","article-title":"A lightweight machine learning-based authentication framework for smart IoT devices","volume":"484","author":"Punithavathi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2018.11.025","article-title":"Current research on Internet of Things (IoT) security: A survey","volume":"148","author":"Noor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2017.08.035","article-title":"A payload-based mutual authentication scheme for Internet of Things","volume":"92","author":"Jan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alizai, Z.A., Tareen, N.F., and Jadoon, I. (2018, January 4\u20135). Improved IoT Device Authentication Scheme Using Device Capability and Digital Signatures. Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Applied and Engineering Mathematics (ICAEM), Taxila, Pakistan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICAEM.2018.8536261"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2018.09.024","article-title":"An approach to develop the smart health using Internet of Things and authentication based on biometric technology","volume":"91","author":"Hamidi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2018.06.004","article-title":"Bubbles of Trust: A decentralized blockchain-based authentication system for IoT","volume":"78","author":"Hammi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Secur."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2018.08.038","article-title":"Lightweight IoT-based authentication scheme in cloud computing circumstance","volume":"91","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2019.01.010","article-title":"A multi-level study of information trust models in WSN-assisted IoT","volume":"151","author":"Souissi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1109\/TDSC.2012.20","article-title":"Detecting and resolving firewall policy anomalies","volume":"9","author":"Hu","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Dependable Secur. Comput."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocs.2017.09.003","article-title":"FARE: FDD-based firewall anomalies resolution tool","volume":"23","author":"Bouhoula","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2018.2825478","article-title":"IoT Security Techniques Based on Machine Learning: How Do IoT Devices Use AI to Enhance Security?","volume":"35","author":"Xiao","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Mag."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2017.07.034","article-title":"A remote attestation mechanism for the sensing layer nodes of the Internet of Things","volume":"78","author":"Gong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6063456","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6063456","article-title":"A Smart Trust Management Method to Detect On-Off Attacks in the Internet of Things","volume":"2018","author":"Caminha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Secur. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., and Wu, X. (2017, January 25\u201326). Access Control in Internet of Things: A Survey. Proceedings of the Asia-Pacific Engineering and Technology Conference (APETC 2017), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.12783\/dtetr\/apetc2017\/11295"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-015-1705-6","article-title":"TACIoT: Multidimensional trust-aware access control system for the Internet of Things","volume":"20","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karthikeyan, S., Patan, R., and Balamurugan, B. (2019). Enhancement of Security in the Internet of Things (IoT) by Using X.509 Authentication Mechanism. Recent Trends in Communication, Computing, and Electronics, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-2685-1_22"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, H., Ding, J., Li, P., Zhu, F., and Wang, R. (2018). A lightweight rfid mutual authentication protocol based on physical unclonable function. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18030760"},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"Modadugu, N., and Rescorla, E. (2004, January 5\u20136). The Design and Implementation of Datagram TLS. Proceedings of the NDSS, San Diego, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3711","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2013.2277656","article-title":"Lithe: Lightweight secure CoAP for the internet of things","volume":"13","author":"Raza","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2831","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2018.2832849","article-title":"Lightweight and Practical Anonymous Authentication Protocol for RFID Systems Using Physically Unclonable Functions","volume":"13","author":"Gope","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70072","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2880225","article-title":"An enhanced symmetric cryptosystem and biometric-based anonymous user authentication and session key establishment scheme for WSN","volume":"6","author":"Alotaibi","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2015.2494502","article-title":"A Survey of Data Mining and Machine Learning Methods for Cyber Security Intrusion Detection","volume":"18","author":"Buczak","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2013.146","article-title":"A system for denial-of-service attack detection based on multivariate correlation analysis","volume":"25","author":"Tan","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2020.03.367","article-title":"Analysis of KDD-Cup\u201999, NSL-KDD and UNSW-NB15 Datasets using Deep Learning in IoT","volume":"167","author":"Choudhary","year":"2020","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s10115-011-0474-5","article-title":"In-network outlier detection in wireless sensor networks","volume":"34","author":"Branch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Knowl. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2013.2286269","article-title":"Proximity-based security techniques for mobile users in wireless networks","volume":"8","author":"Xiao","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gwon, Y., Dastangoo, S., Fossa, C., and Kung, H. (2013, January 14\u201316). Competing mobile network game: Embracing anti-jamming and jamming strategies with reinforcement learning. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE Conference on Communications and Network Security (CNS), National Harbor, MD, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CNS.2013.6682689"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aref, M.A., Jayaweera, S.K., and Machuzak, S. (2017, January 19\u201322). Multi-agent reinforcement learning based cognitive anti-jamming. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), San Francisco, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC.2017.7925694"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, C., Liu, J., Liu, H., and Chen, Y. (2017, January 10\u201314). Smart User authentication through actuation of daily activities leveraging wifi-enabled IoT. Proceedings of the 18th ACM International Symposium on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and Computing, Chennai, India. Part F1291.","DOI":"10.1145\/3084041.3084061"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, G., Xiao, L., and Poor, H.V. (2017, January 5\u20139). Two-dimensional anti-jamming communication based on deep reinforcement learning. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), New Orleans, LA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2017.7952524"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1109\/TCNS.2016.2549640","article-title":"SINR-Based DoS attack on remote state estimation: A game-theoretic approach","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Control Netw. Syst."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1996","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2014.2320099","article-title":"Machine learning in wireless sensor networks: Algorithms, strategies, and applications","volume":"16","author":"Alsheikh","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2016.11.007","article-title":"Access control in the Internet of Things: Big challenges and new opportunities","volume":"112","author":"Ouaddah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"361","article-title":"A Privacy-Preserving Attribute-Based Access Control Scheme","volume":"Volume 11342","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Security, Privacy and Anonymity in Computation, Communication and Storage 11th International Conference Satell. Work. SpaCCS 2018"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-18681-8_2","article-title":"Securing the web of things with role-based access control","volume":"9084","author":"Barka","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Conference on Codes, Cryptology, and Information Security"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1996","DOI":"10.1007\/s10489-017-1064-3","article-title":"OrBAC from access control model to access usage model","volume":"48","author":"Guesmia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Intell."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2017.10.014","article-title":"Privacy preserving fine-grained location-based access control for mobile cloud","volume":"73","author":"Baseri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Secur."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, R., Chen, Y., Blasch, E., and Chen, G. (August, January 30). Blendcac: A blockchain-enabled decentralized capability-based access control for iots. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Conference on Internet of Things (iThings) and IEEE Green Computing and Communications (GreenCom) and IEEE Cyber, Physical and Social Computing (CPSCom) and IEEE Smart Data (SmartData), Halifax, NS, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/Cybermatics_2018.2018.00191"},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"106410U","article-title":"A federated capability-based access control mechanism for internet of things (iots)","volume":"10641","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sensors and Systems for Space Applications XI"},{"key":"ref_103","first-page":"83","article-title":"Incentive Mechanism for Cooperative Intrusion Detection: An Evolutionary Game Approach","volume":"Volume 10860","author":"Yunchuan","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Conference on Computational Science"},{"key":"ref_104","first-page":"169","article-title":"Policy conflict resolution in iot via planning","volume":"10233 LNAI","author":"Bernardini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Advances in Artificial Intelligence: 30th Canadian Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Canadian AI 2017"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3146025","article-title":"Survey on access control for community-centered collaborative systems","volume":"51","author":"Paci","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kulkarni, R.V., and Venayagamoorthy, G.K. (2009, January 14\u201319). Neural network based secure media access control protocol for wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the 2009 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, Atlanta, GA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN.2009.5179075"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62095","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2916340","article-title":"RobustTrust\u2014A Pro-Privacy Robust Distributed Trust Management Mechanism for Internet of Things","volume":"7","author":"Awan","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52191","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2912469","article-title":"HoliTrust-A holistic cross-domain trust management mechanism for service-centric internet of things","volume":"7","author":"Awan","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1109\/MITP.2017.3680960","article-title":"Trusting Internet of Things: Authentication and Authorization for the Internet of Things","volume":"19","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"IT Prof."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcan.2017.06.001","article-title":"A distributed authentication and authorization scheme for in-network big data sharing","volume":"3","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Digit. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2014.2320505","article-title":"An Efficient Distributed Trust Model for Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"26","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2016.10.002","article-title":"Secure IoT Devices for the Maintenance of Machine Tools","volume":"59","author":"Tedeschi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_113","unstructured":"V\u00e4is\u00e4nen, T., Farar, A., Pissanidis, N., Braccini, C., Blumbergs, B., and Diez, E. (2015). Defending Mobile Devices for High Level Officials and Decision-Makers, NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papernot, N., McDaniel, P., Goodfellow, I., Jha, S., Celik, Z.B., and Swami, A. (2017, January 2\u20136). Practical black-box attacks against machine learning. Proceedings of the 2017 ACM on Asia Conference on Computer and Communications Security, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.","DOI":"10.1145\/3052973.3053009"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munoz Gonzalez, L., and Lupu, E. (2018). The Secret of Machine Learning, Oxford University Press (OUP).","DOI":"10.1093\/itnow\/bwy018"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/15\/5122\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:36:27Z","timestamp":1760164587000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/15\/5122"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,28]]},"references-count":115,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s21155122"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21155122","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,28]]}}}