{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T21:44:45Z","timestamp":1777499085900,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]],"date-time":"2021-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To treat the stochastic wind nature, it is required to attain all available power from the wind energy conversion system (WECS). Therefore, several maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques are utilized. Among them, hill-climbing search (HCS) techniques are widely implemented owing to their various features. Regarding current HCS techniques, the rotor speed is mainly perturbed using predefined constants or objective functions, which makes the selection of step sizes a multifaceted task. These limitations are directly reflected in the overall dynamic WECS performance such as tracking speed, power fluctuations, and system efficiency. To deal with the challenges of the existing HCS techniques, this paper proposes a new adaptive HCS (AD-HCS) technique with self-adjustable step size using model reference adaptive control (MRAC) based on the PID controller. Firstly, the mechanical power fluctuations are detected, then the MRAC continuously optimizes the PID gains so as to generate an appropriate dynamic step size until harvesting the maximum power point (MPP) under the optimal tracking conditions. Looking specifically at the simulation results, the proposed AD-HCS technique exhibits low oscillations around the MPP and a small settling time. Moreover, WECS efficiency is increased by 5% and 2% compared to the conventional and recent HCS techniques, respectively. Finally, the studied system is confirmed over a 1.5 MW, gird-tied, double-fed induction generator (DFIG) WECS using MATLAB\/Simulink.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21155187","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T21:44:32Z","timestamp":1627854272000},"page":"5187","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Robust Adaptive HCS MPPT Algorithm-Based Wind Generation System Using Model Reference Adaptive Control"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9767-7656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ziyad A.","family":"Alrowaili","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka P.O. Box 2014, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7696-037X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mustafa M.","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt"}]},{"given":"Abdelraheem","family":"Youssef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4753-2998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hossam H. H.","family":"Mousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt"}]},{"given":"Ahmed S.","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Assiut University, Assiut 71511, Egypt"}]},{"given":"Gamal T.","family":"Abdel-Jaber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Ezzeldien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka P.O. Box 2014, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Metallurgy & Material Science Tests (MMST) Lab, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt"}]},{"given":"Fatma","family":"Gami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, College of Science and Arts, Jouf University, Al-Qurayat Branch P.O. Box 756, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Physics Department, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"144","article-title":"Optimal power extraction control schemes for five-phase PMSG based wind generation systems","volume":"23","author":"Mousa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eng. Sci. Technol. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hemeyine, A., Abbou, A., Bakouri, A., Mokhlis, M., and El Moustapha, S. (2021). A Robust Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Logic Controller for Variable Speed Wind Turbines Based on a Doubly Fed Induction Generator. 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