{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T22:51:03Z","timestamp":1777503063041,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,31]],"date-time":"2021-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Proyectos Colaborativos Transfronterizos 2019 UPV\/EHU","award":["COLAB19\/06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COLAB19\/06"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2019-108713RB-C54"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-108713RB-C54"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Industrial networks are introducing Internet of Things (IoT) technologies in their manufacturing processes in order to enhance existing methods and obtain smarter, greener and more effective processes. Global predictions forecast a massive widespread of IoT technology in industrial sectors in the near future. However, these innovations face several challenges, such as achieving short response times in case of time-critical applications. Concepts like in-network computing or edge computing can provide adequate communication quality for these industrial environments, and data plane programming has been proved as a useful mechanism for their implementation. Specifically, P4 language is used for the definition of the behavior of programmable switches and network elements. This paper presents a solution for industrial IoT (IIoT) network communications to reduce response times using in-network computing through data plane programming and P4. Our solution processes Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) packets sent by a sensor in the data plane and generates an alarm in case of exceeding a threshold in the measured value. The implementation has been tested in an experimental facility, using a Netronome SmartNIC as a P4 programmable network device. Response times are reduced by 74% while processing, and delay introduced by the P4 network processing is insignificant.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21155199","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T21:44:32Z","timestamp":1627854272000},"page":"5199","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Achieving Low Latency Communications in Smart Industrial Networks with Programmable Data Planes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2041-8423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asier","family":"Atutxa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communications Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of the Basque Country UPV\/EHU, Alda. Urquijo S\/N, 48013 Bilbao, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3763-9815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Franco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communications Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of the Basque Country UPV\/EHU, Alda. Urquijo S\/N, 48013 Bilbao, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0073-025X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Sasiain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communications Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of the Basque Country UPV\/EHU, Alda. Urquijo S\/N, 48013 Bilbao, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5532-004X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jasone","family":"Astorga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communications Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of the Basque Country UPV\/EHU, Alda. Urquijo S\/N, 48013 Bilbao, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7093-0586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Jacob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communications Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of the Basque Country UPV\/EHU, Alda. Urquijo S\/N, 48013 Bilbao, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"GSM Association (2021, July 30). IoT Connections Forecast: The Rise of Enterprise. Available online: https:\/\/www.gsma.com\/iot\/resources\/iot-connections-forecast-the-rise-of-enterprise\/."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Ericsson (2021, July 30). Ericsson Mobility Report. Available online: https:\/\/www.ericsson.com\/49de7e\/assets\/local\/mobility-report\/documents\/2017\/ericsson-mobility-report-november-2017.pdf."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"ACM SIGARCH (2021, July 30). In Network Computing. Available online: https:\/\/www.sigarch.org\/in-network-computing-draft\/."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"P4 org (2021, July 30). P4 16 Language Specification. Available online: https:\/\/p4.org\/p4-spec\/docs\/P4-16-v1.0.0-spec.html."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"MQTT org (2021, July 30). MQTT: The Standard for IoT Messaging. Available online: https:\/\/mqtt.org."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"XMPP org (2021, July 30). XMPP Home Website. Available online: https:\/\/xmpp.org."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"OPC Foundation (2021, July 30). OPC Unified Architecture. Available online: https:\/\/opcfoundation.org\/about\/opc-technologies\/opc-ua\/."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Modbus org (2021, July 30). Modbus Home Website. Available online: https:\/\/www.modbus.org."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"IETF (2021, July 30). IETF 7252 CoAP Specification. Available online: https:\/\/datatracker.ietf.org\/doc\/html\/rfc7252."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Hauser, F., H\u00e4berle, M., Merling, D., Lindner, S., Gurevich, V., Zeiger, F., Frank, R., and Menth, M. (2021). A Survey on Data Plane Programming with P4: Fundamentals, Advances, and Applied Research. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Menth, M., Mostafaei, H., Merling, D., and H\u00e4berle, M. (2019). Implementation and Evaluation of Activity-Based Congestion Management Using P4 (P4-ABC). Future Internet, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/fi11070159"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2236","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2019.2943939","article-title":"Adaptive Measurements Using One Elastic Sketch","volume":"27","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Netw."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castanheira, L., Parizotto, R., and Schaeffer-Filho, A.E. (2019, January 20\u201324). FlowStalker: Comprehensive Traffic Flow Monitoring on the Data Plane using P4. Proceedings of the ICC 2019\u20142019 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2019.8761197"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, T., Jiang, J., Liu, P., Huang, Q., Gong, J., Zhou, Y., Miao, R., Li, X., and Uhlig, S. (2018, January 20\u201325). Elastic sketch: Adaptive and fast network-wide measurements. Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the ACM Special Interest Group on Data Communication, Budapest, Hungary.","DOI":"10.1145\/3230543.3230544"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2350","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2020.3011798","article-title":"A Fast and Compact Invertible Sketch for Network-Wide Heavy Flow Detection","volume":"28","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Netw."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSM.2020.2968979","article-title":"An Incrementally-Deployable P4-Enabled Architecture for Network-Wide Heavy-Hitter Detection","volume":"17","author":"Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Netw. Serv. Manag."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5690","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2019.2909933","article-title":"SDN Soft Computing Application for Detecting Heavy Hitters","volume":"15","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Z., Shi, X., Yin, X., and Wang, Z. (2018, January 7\u20139). HashFlow For Better Flow Record Collection. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE 39th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS), Dallas, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDCS.2019.00141"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harrison, R., Cai, Q., Gupta, A., and Rexford, J. (2018, January 28\u201329). Network-Wide Heavy Hitter Detection with Commodity Switches. Proceedings of the Symposium on SDN Research, Los Angeles, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3185467.3185476"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Engelhard, P., Zachlod, A., Schulz-Zander, J., and Du, S. (2019, January 18\u201321). Toward scalable and virtualized massive wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on Networked Systems (NetSys), Munich, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/NetSys.2019.8854518"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sinh, D., Le, L.V., Lin, B.S.P., and Tung, L.P. (2019, January 21\u201323). SDN\/NFV-based M-CORD for Achieving Scalability in Deploying NB-IoT Gateways. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE Pacific Rim Conference on Communications, Computers and Signal Processing (PACRIM), Victoria, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/PACRIM47961.2019.8985066"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2775","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2018.2871325","article-title":"SDN-Based Multi-Protocol Edge Switching for IoT Service Automation","volume":"36","author":"Uddin","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Do, S., Le, L.V., Lin, B.S.P., and Tung, L.P. (2019, January 14\u201317). SDN\/NFV-Based Network Infrastructure for Enhancing IoT Gateways. Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on Internet of Things (iThings) and IEEE Green Computing and Communications (GreenCom) and IEEE Cyber, Physical and Social Computing (CPSCom) and IEEE Smart Data (SmartData), Atlanta, GA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/iThings\/GreenCom\/CPSCom\/SmartData.2019.00192"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2020.107330","article-title":"On supporting IoT data aggregation through programmable data planes","volume":"177","author":"Madureira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2019.05.008","article-title":"High-speed data-plane packet aggregation and disaggregation by P4 switches","volume":"142","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, Y.B., Wang, S.Y., Huang, C.C., and Wu, C.M. (2018). The SDN Approach for the Aggregation\/Disaggregation of Sensor Data. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18072025"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cesen, F.E.R., Csikor, L., Recalde, C., Rothenberg, C.E., and Pongr\u00e1cz, G. (July, January 29). Towards Low Latency Industrial Robot Control in Programmable Data Planes. Proceedings of the 2020 6th IEEE Conference on Network Softwarization (NetSoft), Ghent, Belgium.","DOI":"10.1109\/NetSoft48620.2020.9165531"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vestin, J., Kassler, A., and \u00c5kerberg, J. (2018, January 4\u20137). FastReact: In-Network Control and Caching for Industrial Control Networks using Programmable Data Planes. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE 23rd International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA), Torino, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/ETFA.2018.8502456"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sasiain, J., Sanz, A., Astorga, J., and Jacob, E. (2020). Towards Flexible Integration of 5G and IIoT Technologies in Industry 4.0: A Practical Use Case. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10217670"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Netronome (2021, July 30). Agilio CX SmartNICs. Available online: https:\/\/www.netronome.com\/products\/agilio-cx\/."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Chen, Y. (2021, July 30). The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT): Four Things to Watch For. Available online: https:\/\/www3.technologyevaluation.com\/research\/article\/the-industrial-internet-of-things-iiot-four-things-to-watch-before-2020.html."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/15\/5199\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:38:10Z","timestamp":1760164690000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/15\/5199"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,31]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s21155199"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21155199","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,31]]}}}