{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T15:48:14Z","timestamp":1780501694462,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,31]],"date-time":"2021-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The massive growth of mobile users will spread to significant numbers of small cells for the Fifth Generation (5G) mobile network, which will overlap the fourth generation (4G) network. A tremendous increase in handover (HO) scenarios and HO rates will occur. Ensuring stable and reliable connection through the mobility of user equipment (UE) will become a major problem in future mobile networks. This problem will be magnified with the use of suboptimal handover control parameter (HCP) settings, which can be configured manually or automatically. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the impact of different HCP settings on the performance of 5G network. Several system scenarios are proposed and investigated based on different HCP settings and mobile speed scenarios. The different mobile speeds are expected to demonstrate the influence of many proposed system scenarios on 5G network execution. We conducted simulations utilizing MATLAB software and its related tools. Evaluation comparisons were performed in terms of handover probability (HOP), ping-pong handover probability (PPHP) and outage probability (OP). The 5G network framework has been employed to evaluate the proposed system scenarios used. The simulation results reveal that there is a trade-off in the results obtained from various systems. The use of lower HCP settings provides noticeable enhancements compared to higher HCP settings in terms of OP. Simultaneously, the use of lower HCP settings provides noticeable drawbacks compared to higher HCP settings in terms of high PPHP for all scenarios of mobile speed. The simulation results show that medium HCP settings may be the acceptable solution if one of these systems is applied. This study emphasises the application of automatic self-optimisation (ASO) functions as the best solution that considers user experience.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21155202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T21:44:32Z","timestamp":1627854272000},"page":"5202","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Handover Parameters Optimisation Techniques in 5G Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Wasan Kadhim","family":"Saad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Technical College-Najaf, Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University (ATU), Najaf 31001, Iraq"},{"name":"Electronics and Communication Engineering Department, Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Istanbul Technical University (ITU), Istanbul 34467, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0957-4468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ibraheem","family":"Shayea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronics and Communication Engineering Department, Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Istanbul Technical University (ITU), Istanbul 34467, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bashar J.","family":"Hamza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Technical College-Najaf, Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University (ATU), Najaf 31001, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hafizal","family":"Mohamad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Bandar Baru Nilai, Nilai 71800, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yousef Ibrahim","family":"Daradkeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering and Networks, College of Engineering at Wadi Addawasir, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj 11991, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5164-8403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Waheb A.","family":"Jabbar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical & Electronics Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Pekan 26600, Malaysia"},{"name":"Center for Software Development & Integrated Computing, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Gambang 26300, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2021, June 28). 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