{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T04:27:15Z","timestamp":1782448035018,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,31]],"date-time":"2021-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K12HD073945"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K12HD073945"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program","award":["DGE-1845298"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DGE-1845298"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UH3NS 95495-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UH3NS 95495-4"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01NS099348"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NS099348"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A low and stable impedance at the skin\u2013electrode interface is key to high-fidelity acquisition of biosignals, both acutely and in the long term. However, recording quality is highly variable due to the complex nature of human skin. Here, we present an experimental and modeling framework to investigate the interfacial impedance behavior, and describe how skin interventions affect its stability over time. To illustrate this approach, we report experimental measurements on the skin\u2013electrode impedance using pre-gelled, clinical-grade electrodes in healthy human subjects recorded over 24 h following four skin treatments: (i) mechanical abrasion, (ii) chemical exfoliation, (iii) microporation, and (iv) no treatment. In the immediate post-treatment period, mechanical abrasion yields the lowest initial impedance, whereas the other treatments provide modest improvement compared to untreated skin. After 24 h, however, the impedance becomes more uniform across all groups (&lt;20 k\u03a9 at 10 Hz). The impedance data are fitted with an equivalent circuit model of the complete skin\u2013electrode interface, clearly identifying skin-level versus electrode-level contributions to the overall impedance. Using this model, we systematically investigate how time and treatment affect the impedance response, and show that removal of the superficial epidermal layers is essential to achieving a low, long-term stable interface impedance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21155210","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T21:44:32Z","timestamp":1627854272000},"page":"5210","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Time Evolution of the Skin\u2013Electrode Interface Impedance under Different Skin Treatments"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3021-6286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brendan B.","family":"Murphy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, 240 Skirkanich Hall, University of Pennsylvania, 210 S. 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"},{"name":"Center for Neuroengineering & Therapeutics, 301 Hayden Hall, University of Pennsylvania, 240 S. 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"},{"name":"Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration, and Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 3900 Woodlawn Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8528-0085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brittany H.","family":"Scheid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, 240 Skirkanich Hall, University of Pennsylvania, 210 S. 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"},{"name":"Center for Neuroengineering & Therapeutics, 301 Hayden Hall, University of Pennsylvania, 240 S. 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quincy","family":"Hendricks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, 240 Skirkanich Hall, University of Pennsylvania, 210 S. 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"},{"name":"Center for Neuroengineering & Therapeutics, 301 Hayden Hall, University of Pennsylvania, 240 S. 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"},{"name":"Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration, and Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 3900 Woodlawn Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas V.","family":"Apollo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neuroengineering & Therapeutics, 301 Hayden Hall, University of Pennsylvania, 240 S. 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"},{"name":"Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration, and Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 3900 Woodlawn Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Litt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, 240 Skirkanich Hall, University of Pennsylvania, 210 S. 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"},{"name":"Center for Neuroengineering & Therapeutics, 301 Hayden Hall, University of Pennsylvania, 240 S. 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flavia","family":"Vitale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, 240 Skirkanich Hall, University of Pennsylvania, 210 S. 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"},{"name":"Center for Neuroengineering & Therapeutics, 301 Hayden Hall, University of Pennsylvania, 240 S. 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"},{"name":"Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration, and Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 3900 Woodlawn Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pennsylvania, 1800 Lombard Street, Philadelphia, PA 19147, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3949","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2017.2705700","article-title":"Wearable Flexible Sensors: A Review","volume":"17","author":"Nag","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. 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